Swedish metals

Conceptions of impartiality are not entirely irreversible. They may change under the pressure of changing interest, but the impact is often delayed. In the 1930s, wages of Swedish metal workers lagged behind... 

Just now the Swedish metal is my main interest. I was a donkey who did not, already two years ago, discover it in the brown lead ore from Zimapan. I was occupied with analysis of it when the news about Sefstrbm s discovery reached me (from Berzelius).. .. It is moreover the same metal that del Rio found in the Mexican brown lead ore and called erythronium. 

L. F. Trueb, Die chemischen Elemente. S. Herzel Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996 Ulf lindh (ecL) Metaller, Hdlsa, Miljo. In Swedish. (Metals, Health and Environment). A Conference in Uppsala 1992. Text updated in 1996. Metallbiologiskt Centrum i Uppsala... 

Synthetic Diamond. In 1955 the General Electric Company announced the successful production of diamonds (see Carbon, diamond, synthetic) from graphite under very high pressure and temperature ia the presence of a metal catalyst. It was later reported that a Swedish company, Allmana Svenska Electriska AB (ASEA), had succeeded ia ptoduciag diamond ia 1953 (35). 

Belt Typ es The patented metal-belt type (Fig. ll-53a), termed the water-bed conveyor, features a thin wall, a well-agitated fluid side for a thin water film (there are no rigid welded jackets to fail), a stainless-steel or Swedish-iron conveyor belt floated on the water... 

A. M. del Rio in 1801 claimed to have discovered the previously unknown element 23 in a sample of Mexican lead ore and, because of the red colour of the salts produced by acidification, he called it erythronium. Unfortunately he withdrew his claim when, 4 years later, it was (incorrectly) suggested by the Frenchman, H. V. Collett-Desotils, that the mineral was actually basic lead chromate. In 1830 the element was rediscovered by N. G. Sefstrom in some Swedish iron ore. Because of the richness and variety of colours found in its compounds he called it vanadium after Vanadis, the Scandinavian goddess of beauty. One year later F. Wohler established the identity of vanadium and erythro-nium. The metal itself was isolated in a reasonably pure form in 1867 by H. E. Roscoe who reduced the chloride with hydrogen, and he was... 

An alloy of nickel was known in China over 2000 years ago, and Saxon miners were familiar with the reddish-coloured ore, NiAs, which superficially resembles CU2O. These miners attributed their inability to extract copper from this source to the work of the devil and named the ore Kupfemickel (Old Nick s copper). In 1751 A. F. Cronstedt isolated an impure metal from some Swedish ores and, identifying it with the metallic component of Kupfemickel, named the new metal nickel . In 1804 J. B. Richter produced a much purer sample and so was able to determine its physical properties more accurately. 

Swedish standard SIS 055900 contains two pictorial standards for manual cleaning, St2 and St3. Both require the removal of loose millscale, surface rust and foreign matter. The second and higher standard describes the prepared and dusted surface as having a pronounced metallic sheen. The St2 preparation is described as a faint metallic sheen . Both are expected to correspond with their respective coloured prints in the standard. These relate to four grades of new unpainted steel ... 

All metal surfaces such as mild steel should be grit blasted, normally to SA 2-5 as defined in Swedish Standard SIS 055900. If the surfaces are contaminated with oil, grease or a chemical from previously used items, the contamination is usually removed by sweating in steam prior to grit blasting. Concrete surfaces must be clean and dry and any laitence must be removed as it will affect the bond of the lining. Preferably the surface should be grit blasted. 

Henningsson, B. and Jermer, J., Studies on Corrosion of Metallic Obiects in Contact with Preservative-Treated Wood in the Open, Report No. 144, Swedish Wood Preservation Institute, Stockholm (1982)... 

Fig. 35. The surroundings of Cu2+ and Nb(0,F)6 octahedrons in the crystal structure of CuNbO F. Ends of the bold and thin lines correspond to metals positioned at Z 0.75 and Z-0.25. Reproduced from [222], M. Lmdberg, O. Savborg, Chem. Scripta 13 (1978-79) 197, Copyright 1979, with permission of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Swedish Institute for Metal Research (Jemkontoret), Sweden. 

Environment A number of melt water quality analyses of heavy metals, hydrocarbons, oxygen demands, and nutrients were made. From September 2001 to September 2002 measurements were made in the snow storage, in the stream where melt water is discharged and in the recipient, totally at seven locations. Reference measurements were made at a nearby location not affected by the outlet water. The results were compared with Swedish environmental quality criteria (SEPA, 1990 SEPA, 1999). 

Witter E (1992) Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils critical to microorganisms. Report No. 4079. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Solna... 

Frank, A., V. Galgan, A. Roos, M. Olsson, L.R. Petersson, and A. Bignet. 1992. Metal concentrations in seals from Swedish waters. Ambio 21 529-538. 

The higher concentrations of different trace metals in the Swedish lakes are likely to be related to the lower pH range. Within the two sets of data, increasing concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd are correlated with decreasing pH. A similar effect was... 

Borg, H. (1983), "Trace Metals in Swedish Natural Fresh Waters", Hydrobiol. 101, 27-34. 

A weight of compound, containing about 0-05 g. of fluorine, was dissolved in 10 ml. of dry alcohol and metallic sodium (about 0 5 g., i.e. at least 5 equivalents) was added. After the sodium had dissolved, the mixture was gently heated under reflux for 5 min.,8 and then washed out with about 100 ml. of water into a beaker, made acid to bromophenol blue with dilute nitric acid and then just alkaline with 10 per cent sodium hydroxide solution. Three ml. of 10 per cent sodium chloride solution were added and the solution was diluted to 250 ml. One ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added, and the solution heated on a water-bath to about 80°. Then 5-0 g. of finely powdered A.R. lead nitrate were added with stirring (still at 80°). As soon as all the lead nitrate had dissolved, 5-0 g. of crystalline sodium acetate were added, with vigorous stirring. The product was then heated on the water-bath for 15 min. and cooled in ice, and the precipitate was filtered off on a Swedish filter paper. It was washed once with water, four times with saturated PbClF solution... 

Manganese (Mn, [Ar]3t/S4.v2), name and symbol after the Latin magnesia nigra (black magnesia). Isolated (1774) by the Swedish chemist Johan Gottlieb Gahn. Silvery, hard, brittle metal. 

This leads to the question of who should be considered the ultimate discoverer of a chemical element Should it be the first person to describe the initial properties, the one who found the oxide or the metal, the one who separated the element or the first one to publish their results On the matter of publication, the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius published an annual review (equivalent to our present abstract service) during the early nineteenth century. Berzelius usually cited articles published in other journals, but he also reported on the work in his laboratory which had not yet been published. This enabled his assistant Carl-Gustav Mosander to receive early credit for work that Mosander chose not to formally publish until many years later after he had worked out all of the details. In the element review, we shall see that the answer to the above questions would be any of the above criteria could qualify for discovery of particular elements. 

Cobalt - the atomic number is 27 and the chemical symbol is Co. The name derives from the German kobold for evil spirits or goblins , who were superstitiously thought to cause trouble for miners, since the mineral contained arsenic which injured their health and the metallic ores did not yield metals when treated with the normal methods. The name could also be derived from the Greek kobalos for mine . Cobalt was discovered in 1735 by the Swedish chemist Georg Brandt. 

Manganese - the atomic number is 25 and the chemical symbol is Mn. The name derives from the Latin magnes for magnet since pyrolusite (Mn02) has magnetic properties. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. Also in 1774, the Swedish chemist Johan Gottlieb Gahn first isolated the metal. 

Silicon - the atomic number is 14 and the chemical symbol is Si. The name was originally silicium because it was thought to be a metal. When this was shown to be incorrect, the name was changed to silicon, which derives from the Latin silex and silicis for flint . Amorphous silicon was discovered by the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius in 1824. CiystalUne silicon was first prepared by the French chemist Henri Sainte-Claire Deville in 1854. 

Titanium - the atomic number is 22 and the chemical symbol is Ti. The name derives from the Latin titans, who were the mythological first sons of the earth . It was originally discovered by the English clergyman William Gregor in the mineral ilmenite (FeTiOj) in 1791. He called this iron titanite menachanite for the Menachan parish where it was found and the element menachin. It was rediscovered in 1795 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who called it titanium because it had no characteristic properties to use as a name. Titanium metal was first isolated by the Swedish chemists Sven Otto Pettersson and Lars Fredrik Nilson. 

Although the problem of disposal of large amounts of metal waste is faced by most industrialized countries, relatively few centrally located operations for waste recovery have, to date, been started. Sweden still deposits its dewatered metal waste in a simple landfill, although Swedish industry has been in the forefront of developing both hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recovery techniques. The same applies to most European countries however, interest in environmentally safe recovery has increased in recent years and recovery plants are now being considered. 

Two unrelated discoveries of vanadium seem to have occurred. When he was experimenting with iron in 1830, Nils Gabriel Sefstrom (1787—1845), a Swedish chemist and mineralogist, identified a small amount of a new metal. Because vanadium compounds have beautiful colors, he named this new metal after Vanadis, the mythological goddess of youth and beauty in his native country, Scandinavia. 

However, the story does not end there. It was not until 1844 when Heinrich Rose (1795-1864) rediscovered the element by producing two similar acids from the mineral niobic acid and pelopic acid. Rose did not reahze he had discovered the old columbium, so he gave this new element the name niobium. Twenty years later, Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1817—1894) proved that niobium and tantalum were two distinct elements. Later, the Swedish scientist Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand (1826—1899) isolated and identified the metal niobium from its similar twin, tantalum. 

In the mid-1700s a number of scientists experimented with and attempted to isolate element 74 by treating ores of other metals with reagents. One problem was that tungsten was often confused with tin and arsenic. It was not until 1783 that Don Fausto de Elhuyar (1755-1833) and his brother Don Juan Jose de Elhuyar isolated a substance from tin ore that they called wolframite. They named it after the mineral in which it was found. At about the same time the Swedish named it tung sten, which means heavy stone in Swedish. This explains the potentially confusing use of W for the symbol for tungsten. 

Swedish chemist Johan August Arfvedson Lightweight, reactive alkali metal whose isotope lithium-6 was used to build the hydrogen bomb. 

Swedish scientist Johan Gadolin Active metal rare on Earth, but plentiful in rocks brought back from the moon its compounds are used in laser technology and in high-temperature superconductors. 

Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele Hard silvery metal mined from the ore molybdenite added to steel as moly steel to increase ability to withstand pressure and temperature shifts in auto and plane engines. 

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