Metal research

In the course of his research on electromagnetic waves Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect. He showed that for the metals he used as targets, incident radiation in the ultraviolet was required to release negative charges from the metal. Research by Philipp Lenard, Wilhelm Hallwachs, J. J. Thomson, and other physicists finally led Albert Einstein to his famous 1905 equation for the photoelectric effect, which includes the idea that electromagnetic energy is quantized in units of hv, where h is Planck s con-... 

Table 4.12 Soil-corrosion tests on copper by National Bureau of Standards and British Non-ferrous Metals Research Association...

The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association carried out two series of tests, the results of which have been given by Gilbert and Gilbert and Porter these are summarised in Table 4.12. In the first series tough pitch copper tubes were exposed at seven sites for periods of up to 10 years. The two most corrosive soils were a wet acid peat (pH 4-2) and a moist acid clay (pH 4-6). In these two soils there was no evidence that the rate of corrosion was decreasing with duration of exposure. In the second series phosphorus-deoxidised copper tube and sheet was exposed at five sites for five years. Severe corrosion occurred only in cinders (pH 7 1). In these tests sulphides were found in the corrosion products on some specimens and the presence of sulphate-reducing bacteria at some sites was proved. It is not clear, however, to what extent the activity of these bacteria is a factor accelerating corrosion of copper. 

May" remained associated with the research when it was transferred to the auspices of the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association in 1930. A history of condenser tubes up to 1950 has been published ". ... 

Formerly of The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association and International Nickel Limited... 

Hirsch, P. B. (ed). Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals, Butterworths, London (1965) Bunshah, R. F. (ed). Techniques of Metals Research, Vol. IIC, Handbook of Melallographic Techniques, Interscience Publishers, New York (1969)... 

Swedish Institute for Metal Research (Jemkontoret), Sweden. 

Applications Although GD-OES is most popular in metals research, it can also be applied to prepainted steel, coatings and polymers. Examples of analysis of coatings are ... 

Bunshah, R., Techniques of Metal Research, Vol. Ill, Part 1, Wiley, New York, 1970. 

Willford, W.A. 1971. Heavy metals research in the Great Lakes, 1970-1971. Pages 53-65 in Prevalence and Effects of Toxic Metals in the Aquatic Environment. Proc. Univ. North Carolina, Rep. 57. 

Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016,-China... 

This paper is based upon the work in the Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science. The authors would like to thank Prof.L.Chen Dr.H.M.Cheng, Dr.P.Wang, Dr.D.Cheng, Dr.X.Y.Li and Dr.L.J.Rong. 

O Nickel and copper are both very important to the Ontario economy. Before they can be refined by electrolysis, they must be extracted from their ores. Both metals can be extracted from a sulfide ore, NiS or CU2S. The sulfide is roasted to form an oxide, and then the oxide is reduced to the metal. Research the extraction processes for both nickel and copper, and write balanced equations for the redox reactions involved. One product of each extraction process is sulfur dioxide. Research the environmental effects of this compound. Describe any steps taken to decrease these effects. 

These early studies were carried out on metals of typically 90-99% purity, which sufficed to determine at least their gross properties. During the 1960s, interest diminished somewhat in actinide metallurgy due in part to the increasing use of ceramic rather than metallic fuel elements in nuclear reactors. The bulk of actinide metal research was for secret military purposes and only a fraction of the fundamental research was published. 

Dartmouth Toxic Metals Research Program. Online. Available HTTP (accessed 4 April 2003). The site has general information on toxic metals. 

The research in this area in Cambridge (and earlier in Strathclyde) has been supported by the U.K. Science and Engineering Research Council and by the Associated Octel Company Ltd. Organo-alkali metal research in Erlangen is supported by the Deutsche-forschungsgemeinschaft, the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, Stiftung Volkswagen-werk, and the Convex Computer Corporation. Such financial input is essential, and it is appreciated. 

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS (ASM). Formally organized in 1935, this society actually had been active under other names since 1913. when the need for standards of metal quality and performance in the automobile became generally recognized. ASM has over 53,000 members and publishes Metals Review and the famous Metals Handbook, as well as research monographs on metals. It is active in all phases of metallurgical activity, metal research, education, and information retrieval. Its headquarters is at Metals Park. OH, 44073. http //www,asm.org/... 

H.I. Dunegan and C.A. Tatro, Technique of Metals Research, volume V, part 2, Wiley Interscience, New York, (1971). 

Max Planck Institute of Metals Research, Department of New Materials and Biosystems,... 

Once it was established that a number of enzymes contained non-peptidic structures, and that these features were present as binding sites for catalytic metals, researchers started to look for simple analogues that could be used as models for the more complex natural systems. The motivation behind these investigations was to gain a greater understanding into how the natural systems work by reducing the active... 

The second limiting case approximates conventional metallurgical casting processes in which the cooling rate is on the order of 10-3 to 10° K/s. As a result, the solidification rate is several orders of magnitude too fast to maintain equilibrium. The most widely used classical treatment of nonequilibrium solidification is by Erich Scheil (Scheil, 1942), who was at the Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart. The model assumes negligible solute diffusion in the solid phase, complete diffusion in the liquid phase, and equilibrium at the solid-liquid interface. In this case, Eq. 4.16 can be rewritten as... 

The impetus for further developments was the recognition of the economic significance of corrosion phenomenon during the 19th century that led the British Association for the Advancement of Science to sponsor corrosion testing projects such as the corrosion of cast and wrought iron in river and seawater atmospheres in 1837. Early academic interest in corrosion phenomenon (up to the First World War) was followed by industrial interest due to the occurrence of equipment failures. An example of this is the corrosion-related failure of condenser tubes as reported by the Institute of Metals and the British Non-ferrous Metals Research Association in 1911. This initiative led to the development of new corrosion-resistant alloys, and the corrosion related failure of condenser tubes in the Second World War was an insignificant problem. 

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