Metal yield

Condensation of metal vapors followed by deposition on cooler surfaces yields metal powders as does decomposition of metal hydrides. Vacuum treatment of metal hydrides gives powders of fine particle size. Reaction of a metal haHde and molten magnesium, known as the KroU process, is used for titanium and zirconium. This results in a sponge-like product. 

Plutonium metal is prepared by two methods--direct reduction of the oxide by calcium (DOR)U,2J, and reduction of PuF by calcium in our metal preparation line (MPL)(3) (see Figure 1). In the DOR process, the plutonium contenF of the reduction slag is so low that the slag can be sent to retrievable storage without further processing. Metal buttons that are produced are no purer than the oxide feed and/or the calcium chloride salt. Los Alamos purifies the buttons by electrorefin-ing(4i,5 ), yielding metal rings that are > 99.96 percent plutonium. 

HDM Hydrodemetallization (yields metal sulfides) Ni-MoS2/Al203... 

Nanoparticles Yield (%) Metal content (%) Average diameter (nm) Range of diameter (nm)... 

Pedersen A process for extracting aluminum from bauxite, which also yields metallic iron. The ore is first smelted in an electric furnace with limestone, iron ore, and coke at 1,350 to 1,400°C to produce a calcium aluminate slag and metallic iron. Aluminium is leached from the slag by sodium carbonate solution, and alumina is then precipitated from the leachate by carbon dioxide. The process requires cheap electricity and a market for the iron. It was invented by H. Pedersen in 1924 and operated at Hoy anger, Norway, from 1928 until the mid-1960s. British Patent 232,930. 

The Ge-Ge bond can undergo cleavage in reactions with [Bu4N]F to yield metal-free germyl anions, which can be employed in subsequent reactions with alkyl halides (Equation (210), Table 27) and carbonyl species (Equation (211), Table 28).266... 

Cobalt - the atomic number is 27 and the chemical symbol is Co. The name derives from the German kobold for evil spirits or goblins , who were superstitiously thought to cause trouble for miners, since the mineral contained arsenic which injured their health and the metallic ores did not yield metals when treated with the normal methods. The name could also be derived from the Greek kobalos for mine . Cobalt was discovered in 1735 by the Swedish chemist Georg Brandt. 

In any 3D system the key problem is electroding. Morrison et al. use Pd-acetate to yield metallic Pd electrodes (Fig. 6) [9,10]. Probably the ideal combination at present is to use Pd as the outer electrode (which becomes the bottom electrode on the planar FET) and Ru as the inner (top) electrode. The Ru has better wetting characteristics but decomposes for temperatures much above 400 °C hence it cannot be used as the bottom (outer) electrode for SET, which requires a much higher temperature anneal. Ru can be used as the top electrode on either PZT or SET because the device is not subjected to very high temperatures after the top electrode is put down. 

Reactions with most metals yield metal chlorides. Alkali metals are obviously most reactive. With metals that exhibit varying oxidation states, the nature of the product depends on the amount of chlorine. For example, iron reacts with a limited amount of chlorine to produce iron(II) chloride, while in excess chlorine the product is iron(III) chloride ... 

LiAlH4 + ROH Li[AlH(OR)s] +3H2 Reactions with metal chlorides yield metal hydrides ... 

Reactions with certain metals, especially metalloid type elements, yield metal fluorides and oxyfluorides. Such metals include B, Si, Ge, As, Sh, Se, and Te ... 

The reduction of Cu to Cu in the zeolite lattice is more difficult than reduction of platinum and palladium ions but easier than that of other transition metal ions.25 The resulting Cu" " ion in the zeolite is fairly stable both in a reductive atmosphere and imder degassing treatment at elevated temperatures, wh eas the precious metal ions are easily reduced to the respective metals and collect to yield metal particles. Die easy reducibility of Cu and the stability of Cu" " lead to a reversible redox behaivor betweoi Cu and Cu and result in the iqipearance of the specific catalytic activity. 

Figure 7.2 Schematic representation of alginate cross-linking with divalent cations and the chemical structure of the constituent repeat units, guluronate (G) and mannuronate (M). Carboxylate groups present along the backbone (largely from the G residues) interact with multivalent cations to yield metal ion cross-linked gels.

The reaction of (LiR) with Group II metal alkyls also would be expected to yield metalates but, in this instance, several products may... 

The /band used above does not of course have the characteristics of a standard one-electron band, since the f wavefunctions are so far from yielding metallization and the Mott transition, under intersite fluctuations of the type / + -> +/" . The... 

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