Rose, Heinrich

Roscoe, Henry, 165-166, 176 n.54, 177, 179 Rose, Heinrich, 106 Rosenberg, Charles, 15 Rosenberger, Ferdinand, 24 Rothstein, E., 217... 

Rose, Heinrich, Analysis of the seleniurets of the Eastern Harz, Annals of... 

Rose, Heinrich. Ueber das Specifische Gewichte der Thonerde, der Beryllerde, der Magnesia und des Eisenoxyds. 

Rose, Heinrich. Ueber die Anwendung des Salmi-akes in der Analytische Chemie. 

Rose, Heinrich. Ueber des Verhalten der verschie-denen Basen gegen Ldsungen amooiacalischer Salze und namentlich gegen die Losung von chlorammonium. Ber. Akad. d. Wiss. (Berlin), 1855, 334-Centrbl., 1855, 612. 

In 1846 Heinrich Rose (1795-1864) proved that Hatchett had obtained a mixture of two elements, which he separated into tantalum and niobium... 

Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (1767-1813) Heinrich Rose (1795-1864) distinguished tantalum from niobium. 

In this connection, Servos mentions, among others, Robert Bunsen at Heidelberg, who invented the carbon-zinc battery and the spectroscope H. H. Landolt at Bonn, later Berlin, who studied the refractive power of the molecule in relation to the refractivities of its atoms Heinrich Rose at Berlin, who followed up on Berthollet s theory of mass action and Cato Guldberg and Peter Waage in Norway, who did so more thoroughly. See John W. Servos, Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling, 1115. 

However, the story does not end there. It was not until 1844 when Heinrich Rose (1795-1864) rediscovered the element by producing two similar acids from the mineral niobic acid and pelopic acid. Rose did not reahze he had discovered the old columbium, so he gave this new element the name niobium. Twenty years later, Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1817—1894) proved that niobium and tantalum were two distinct elements. Later, the Swedish scientist Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand (1826—1899) isolated and identified the metal niobium from its similar twin, tantalum. 

Niobium Nb 1801 (London, England) 1844 (Berlin, Germany) Charles Hatchett (British) Heinrich Rose (German) 124... 

German chemist and apothecary who was educated by Klaproth, collaborated with him in his researches, and verified all his analyses before publication. Rose demonstrated the presence of chromium in a species of serpentine. He was the father of Heinrich Rose, the chemist, and Gustav Rose, the mineralogist. His father, Valentin Rose the Elder, was the discoverer of the low-melting alloy, Rose s metal. 

The Rose Pharmacy in Berlin. Valentin Rose the Elder (1735-1771), his son Valentin Rose the Younger (1762-1807), and his grandson Heinrich Rose (1795-1864) all rendered distinguished service to chemistry and pharmacy. 

Jons Jacob Berzelius, 1779-1848. Professor of chemistry and medicine at the Stockholm Medical School. He determined the atomic weights of most of the elements then known, discovered selenium and the earth ceria, and isolated silicon, thorium, and zirconium. Among his students may be mentioned Wohler, Heinrich and Gustav Rose, Mosander, Sefstrom, and... 

New occurrences of selenium were found in rapid succession. J. E. F. Giese of Dorpat, Pleischl of Prague, B. Scholz of Vienna, W. Meissner, J. G. Children, and H. von Meyer all found it in the deposits from various kinds of sulfuric acid. Pleischl detected it in the molybdenite of Schlag-genwald F. Stromeyer, in the volcanic sal ammoniac from the Lipari Islands R. Brandes, in the volcanic sal ammoniac of Lanzarote Island (32). Stromeyer and J. F. Hausmann, DuMenil, J. B. Trommsdorff, J. K. L. Zincken, and Heinrich Rose detected its presence in several minerals (33, 34). 

In 1823 Johann Karl Ludwig Zincken (1790—1862) detected selenium in some ores from Zorge and Tilkerode in the eastern part of the Harz, and in 1825 Heinrich Rose analyzed them quantitatively. By heating them in a current of chlorine gas, Rose converted all the metals to chlorides and separated the selenium chloride, which was the only volatile chloride present, from the non-volatile chlorides of the metals (34). He found these minerals to be selenides of lead, copper, cobalt, and mercury. 

Heinrich Rose, 1795-1864. German analytical chemist and pharmacist. Son of Valentin Rose the Younger. His comparative study of American columbite and Bavarian tantalite proved that columbium (niobium) and tantalum are two distinct metals. 

In 1809 Dr. Wollaston analyzed both columbite and tantalite (10). His conclusion that niobium and tantalum are identical was accepted by chemists until 1846, when Heinrich Rose (a grandson of Valentin Rose the Elder and son of the Rose whom Klaproth educated) questioned it. Rose had made a thorough study of the columbites and tantalites from America and from Bodenmais, Bavaria, and had extracted from them... 

Although niobic and tantalic acids are extremely difficult to separate, Marignac finally succeeded, not only in separating them, but also in showing that niobium is both tri- and pentavalent, whereas tantalum always has a valence of five. The separation is based on the insolubility of potassium fluotantalate in comparison with potassium fluo-oxyniobate (12, 20). In the United States the element discovered by Hatchett used to be known as columbium, but in Europe most chemists prefer to use the name niobium which Heinrich Rose gave it. 

Klaproth, Vauquelin, Heinrich Rose (22), and others tried in vain to isolate the metal. In 1822 Dr. W. H. Wollaston thought he had found it in the form of minute cubic crystals in the slag of the iron works at... 

Car] Friedrich Plattner, 1800-1858. Professor of metallurgy at the Freiberg School of Mines Author of books on blowpipe analysis and the roasting of ores. He was an expert analyst, trained under Heinrich Rose When his careful analysis of pollux was made in 1846, the spectroscope had not yet been invented, and he was unable to recognize the presence of the new element cesium... 

A. Stock found that the m.p. of phosphorus depends on the rate of heating and in contradistinction to A. Smits and H. L. de Leeuw, A. Stock and E. Stamm did not find the m.p. of yellow phosphorus to be altered by heating it to 100° followed by rapid cooling. Molten phosphorus is easily obtained as an under-cooled liquid, even at temp. 40° below its m.p. A. Bellani, and H. Rose noted that contact with solid phosphorus causes an immediate solidification of the under-cooled liquid. The phenomenon is particularly marked with phosphorus which has been boiled under an aq. or alcoholic soln. of potassium hydroxide. Observations on this subject were made by T. de Grotthus, J. B. Kallhofert, A. Schrotter, F. P. Venable and A. W. Belden, P. Heinrich, J. W. Retgers, and D. Gernez. The last-named also measured the velocity of crystallization of the under-cooled liquid—vide supra. 

The allegorical tale in Novalis novel Heinrich von Ofterdineen The Mystic Tower from The Mystic Rose from the Garden of the Kim... 

At the outset of this review, we apologize that we are unable to cite aU contributors to our understanding of this field in our review because of space constraints. We refer the reader to many excellent reviews on various aspects of cytokine structure, receptor interaction, and signaling (Bravo et al, 1998 Davies and Wlodawer, 1995 de Vos et al, 1992 Heinrich et al, 2003 Kossiakoff and De Vos, 1998 Rose-John, 2002 Wells and de Vos, 1996 Wilson andjolliffe, 1999). 

Not everyone agreed with Hatchett s discovery at first. Some chemists were convinced that columbium was identical to the element tantalum, which had been discovered earlier. The confusion is easy to understand. The two elements have very similar properties and are difficult to separate. Finally, in 1844, German chemist Heinrich Rose (1795—1864) showed that tantalum and columbium really were different from each other. Rose then su ested the name niobium for the new element. The name comes from Greek mythology. Niobe is the daughter of the god Tantalus, from whom the name tantalum comes. 

In 1844, however, German chemist Heinrich Rose (1795-1864) announced new evidence. He found that tantalic acid (H3Ta04) made from tantalum and niobic acid (H3Nb04) made from niobium were definitely different from each other. He confirmed that Ekeberg and Hatchett had really discovered two different elements. 

The rise of analytical chemistry as promoted by Lavoisier and his supporters led to a burst of activity by chemists and other researchers. One of the foremost researchers was Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743-1817). Klaproth started his professional career as an apprentice apothecary but rose to the position of professor of chemistry at the University of Berlin. He was an early German convert to the Lavoisier s system and believed in carefully controlled experiments. His background as an apothecary probably influenced his development of analytical chemistry, since apothecaries were constantly concerned about methods for determining the composition and purity of the materials they used. In an era when quality control of chemical production was largely nonexistent, it was up to apothecaries to determine whether the materials they dispensed were what they were supposed to be. Making mistakes could be dangerous, causing illness or even death. 

When Lavoisier reformed chemistry in France, his work was being introduced in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743-1817). Trained as an apothecary, Klaproth taught himself the new chemical philosophy and became an assistant to Valentin Rose (1736-1771), one of the leading chemists of the day. He became director of Rose s pharmaceutical laboratory after Rose s death. Klaproth was an extremely good and extremely exact chemist, and a significant part of his work was directed at analytical chemistry, particularly the determination of characteristics of unknown compounds. During his years as director, he discovered or verified the discovery of zirconium, uranium, tellurium, and titanium. 

Review of literature Heinrich, P., Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Houben-Weyl-Muller, vol. IV/Sb. p. 891 ff., Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1975 McLafferty-rearrangement of ketones and numerous further classes of compounds see e.g. Rose, M. E., Johnstone, R. A. W. Mass spectrometry for chemists and biochemists, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 222 ff. (1982)... 

Mullberg, J., Oberthur, W, Lottspeich, F., Mehl, E. Dittrich, E., Graeve, L., Heinrich, P C., and Rose-John, S. (1994). The soluble human IL-6 receptor. Mutational characterization of the proteolytic cleavage site. J Immunol. 752 4958-4968. 

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