Surveys population based

Skopehtis EE, Kokotis PI et al (2006) Distal sensory polyneuropathy in HIV-positive patients in the HAART era an entity underestimated by clinical examination. Int J STD AIDS 17(7) 467-472 Smyth K, Affandi JS et al (2007) Prevalence of and risk factors for HIV-associated neuropathy in Melbourne, Australia 1993-2006. HIV Med 8(6) 367-373 Snider WD, Simpson DM et al (1983) Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome analysis of 50 patients. Ann Neurol 14(4) 403-418 So YT, Olney RK (1994) Acute lumbosacral polyradiculopathy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome experience in 23 patients. Ann Neurol 35(l) 53-58 So YT, Holtzman DM et al (1988) Peripheral neuropathy associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Prevalence and clinical features from a population-based survey. Arch Neurol 45(9) 945-948... 

In order to test this, Kelly et al. (1997) point out that we need a set of biological markers thought to be sensitive to long-term systematic differences in socioeconomic status and living conditions, and these markers must be feasible to measure in large population surveys, so their role in the biological embedding process can be evaluated on a population-based, person-specific basis. 

A wide range of sleep disturbances has been documented in PD (Larsen, 2001). In a population-based survey of sleep disorders in PD, Tandberg et ah (1998) reported nocturnal sleeping problems in 60% of PD patients compared to 33% in healthy controls and 46% in elderly with diabetes mellitus. The most common problem reported was sleep fragmentation, which was found in 39% of PD and only 12% of normal elderly controls, whereas inability to fall asleep did not differ between the groups. 

Of the European studies reviewed, many measured heavy metals, cotinine, PCBs, pesticides, PAHs, dioxins, phthalates, and VOCs. Germany has taken a substantial lead in this respect through its comprehensive population-based surveys (German Environment Surveys) and concerted efforts to develop health-protective reference values for the general population. In addition European countries have been actively involved in occupational biomonitoring efforts. In fact, some countries have biomonitoring surveillance programs that have been required by law. 

Population-based surveys typically have found that a substantial percentage of people report that they do not get sufficient sleep (1). While the exact prevalence may be disputed, it is an accepted fact that many people get insufficient sleep. In addition to those recognizing their insufficient sleep are other individuals who show objective evidence of excessive sleepiness, deny difficulty with sleepiness, and yet show normalization of their alertness with extended time in bed (TIB) (2). Consciously or subconsciously, people employ various stratagems to counteract the disruptive effects of their sleep loss. While the functionally disruptive effects and health risks associated with sleep loss and its consequent daytime sleepiness are generally recognized, questions remain regarding what behavioral and environment factors act as countermeasures to sleep loss and daytime sleepiness, as well as to their effectiveness and duration of effect. 

The NHSDA is directed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Since 1971, it has provided annual estimates of the prevalence (patterns of use) of illicit drug, alcohol, and tobacco use in the United States, monitoring trends since that time. Results from this survey are based on a representative sample of the U.S. population 12 years and older. Marijuana-specific data are presented as a subcategory of illicit drugs. ... 

The number of individuals affected by reproductive disorders is difficult to assess, and few population-based data are available for either men or women. Noticeably absent are data on fecundity and fertility impairments affecting men and only limited information on male-mediated developmental outcomes exists. Population-based data for impaired female fertility are available for select endpoints from the National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG), which are conducted periodically and most recently in 1995. Data from the NSFG show that 6.2 million women (10.2%) between the ages of 15 and 44 in the United States had impaired fertility in 1995 (Stephen 1996). This number was estimated to increase to 6.3 million women in 2000 (Stephen and Chondra 1998). Other reproductive disorders in females that impact fecundity include endometriosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The prevalence of endometriosis in women of reproductive age is reported to be 10% (Houston 1984 Olive and Schwartz 1993), and no population-based prevalence data exist for PCOS. 

Pellizzari ED, Lioy P, Quackenboss J, et al. 1995. Population-based exposure measurements in EPA region 5 a phase i field study in support of the national human exposure assessment survey. Journal Of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 15(3) 327-358. 

Parahoo K, Thompson K, Cooper M et al. (2003). Stroke awareness of the signs, symptoms and risk factors - a population-based survey. Cerebrovascular Diseases 16 134-140 PROGRESS Collaborative Group (2001). Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 358 1033-1041... 

Kreutzer, R., R.R. Neutra, and N. Lashuay. 1999. Prevalence of people reporting sensitivities to chemicals in a population-based survey. Am. J. Epidemiol. 150(1) 1-12. 

To explore the frequency of continuous use of over-the-counter drugs and the potential for harmful interactions between OTC drugs and prescribed drugs, a population-based interview survey was conducted in 10 477 subjects (231). Daily use of over-the-counter drugs was reported by 7% of the subjects and 4% of those who used over-the-counter drugs had taken combinations with potential for clinically significant interactions. Interactions were most common for NSAIDs such as ketoprofen (15% of keto-profen users), ibuprofen (10%), and aspirin (6%). Unfortunately, this study did not provide information on whether the potential interactions led to actual clinical problems. 

When attention is confined to industrial chemicals, consumer-product research may be excluded. Thus, data relating to consumer surveys, population trends and shifts, gross national product, and psychological factors need be considered only in a few isolated cases. Specialists have developed the necessary techniques and have available an exhaustive statistical literature. Thus, industrial chemicals are rarely consumer goods antifreeze is an exception. Markets usually depend upon other industries which are often far removed from the ultimate consumer. In addition, special and peculiar problems are presented. The scattered, cryptic, and sketchy information, to be made useful, necessitates a lively ingenuity based upon a technical background. 

Population-based and situation-specific (e.g., reentry of residents onto pesticide-treated lawns) biological monitoring surveys. 

Sousa RM, Ferri CP, Acosta D, Albanese E, Guerra M, Huang Y et al (2009) Contribution of chronic diseases to disability in elderly people in countries with low and middle incomes A 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based survey. Lancet 374 1821-1830... 

Blanc PD, Trupin L, Eisner M, Earnest G, Kalz PI) Israel L, Yelin EH The work impact of asthma and rhinitis Findings from a population-based survey. J Clin Epidemiol 2001 54 610-618. (Ill)... 

As species were determined in human urine (n = 256) in a population-based exposure assessment survey... 

Approximately 12.9 million persons in the United States report current heavy use of alcohol or alcohol abuse. Almost one-half of these persons meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed.. Text Revision (DSM-TV-TR) criteria for alcohol dependence, and more than 700,000 persons are in treatment for alcoholism at any one time. Population-based surveys of current drinkers have found rates of 7% to 16% for alcohol abuse or dependence. In 1995, 2.7% of the annual emergency department visits were related to alcohol abuse. These alcohol-related visits were 1.6 times as hkely to be associated with injuries and with a chief complaint of pain. Alcohol dependence was diagnosed in 20% of these cases. According to the Drug Abuse Warning Network 2002 survey, ED visits related to drug abuse most frequently involved alcohol, and included 31% of the observed cases. ... 

Goldstein MG, Niaura R, Willey-Lessne C, et al. Physicians counseling smokers. A population-based survey of patients perceptions of health care provider-delivered smoking cessation interventions. Arch Intern Med 1997 157 1313-1319. 

Porter M, Penney GC, Russell D, et al. A population based survey of women s experience of the menopause. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002 103 1025-1028. 

For sulphur dioxide, the survey has been worked out in co-operation with the participating countries. For countries which have only been able to provide information on the total emissions for different industrial sectors, the survey was based on national fuel consumption statistics from OECD and ECE sources, emission factors, and population densities. For some countries the accuracy is within 10-15% in other cases the data are less accurate. The major emission areas are, however, sufficiently well defined for model calculations (JO). 

A number of studies and case reports have suggested that mitochondrial disorders may be a causative factor in a subset of autistic individuals. In 2005, Oliveira et al. published a population-based survey among school-aged children with ASD and found that 7% of those who underwent a complete metabolic evaluation were... 

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