Alcohol-related

Bicycles d Motorcycles d Alcohol-related accidents d Fireworks d... 

Figure 7-52A. Vapor-liquid data for solutions of ethyl alcohol relating to mixture flashpoints. By permission, Hercules, Inc.

Adverse consequences of drinking include a variety of social, legal, medical, and psychiatric problems (Babor et al. 1987, 2003). Alcohol is among the top four causes of mortality in 1988, 107,800 deaths, or about 5% of all deaths in the United States, were attributed to alcohol-related causes (Stinson and DeBakey 1992). Approximately 17% of alcohol-related deaths were directly attributable to alcohol, 38% resulted from diseases indirecdy attributable to alcohol, and 45% were attributable to alcohol-related traumatic injury (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1994). Alcohol-related mortality declined during the latter part of the twentieth century. For example, the age-adjusted mortality rate from liver cirrhosis in 1993 (7.9 deaths per 100,000 persons) was just over half the rate in 1970 (14.6 deaths per 100,000) (Saadat-mand et al. 1997), and the proportion of automobile fatalities that was related to the use of alcohol fell to a two-decade low of 33.6% in 1993 (Lane et al. 1997). 

The identification of co-occurring medical problems is an important element in detoxification (Naranjo and Sellers 1986). Good supportive care and treatment of concurrent illness, including fluid and electrolyte repletion, are essential (Naranjo and Sellers 1986). Administration of thiamine (50—100 mg/day po or im) and multivitamins is a low-cost, low-risk intervention for the prophylaxis and treatment of alcohol-related neurological disturbances. 

LaneJD, Stinson FS, Bertolucci D Trends in alcohol-related fatal traffic crashes, United States, 1977-95 (Surveillance Report No 42). Rockville, MD, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1997... 

Stinson FS, DeBakey SF Alcohol-related mortality in the United States, 1979-1988. BrJ Addict 87 777-783, 1992... 

Miotto K, Darakjian J, Basch J, et al Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid patterns of use, effects and withdrawal. Am J Addict 10 232-241, 2001 Moncini M, Masini E, Gambassi F, et al Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and alcohol-related syndromes. Alcohol 20 285-291, 2000 Morgan MJ Memory deficits associated with recreational use of ecstasy (MDMA). 

A number of randomized chnical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of CBT for treating substance use disorders, compared with no-treatment control conditions (see Carroll 1996 for review). However, the superiority of CBT over other psychosocial treatments is not as clear. Although some studies have found CBT to be more effective than other treatments, others have found this method to be comparable to other treatment approaches (Carroll 1996). In Project MATCH, for instance, CBT, MET, and 12-step facihtation produced similar outcomes, with each therapy leading to substantial improvement in alcohol-related symptoms during the 12-week treatment period (Project MATCH Research Group 1997). 

Hadzija, O. and Keglevic, D., Simple method for the separation of amino acids, amino sugars, and amino alcohols related to the peptidoglycan components on a standard amino acid analyzer, /. Chromatogr., 138, 458, 1977. 

Works as a laborer in a warehouse drinks alcohol most days but denies any alcohol-related problems... 

Current estimates suggest that there are around 30,000 alcohol-related deaths a year in the UK. The NHS (National Health Service) spends over 164m a year treating alcohol-related conditions, and one in four male hospital beds is occupied by someone with an alcohol-related illness. Alcohol adversely aflfects numerous aspects of health, even in those who are only moderate drinkers. However, the effects of high volumes over long periods are certainly the most serious and life-threatening. Alcohol passes through the stomach and small intestine and is then absorbed into the blood stream from where it is metabolised by the liver (the first-pass effect Chapters 3 and 9). 

HEA (1998). Perceptions of alcohol related attendances in A E departments in England A national survey. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 33, 354-361 (Health Education Authority). 

Genome Screens for Alcohol Related Phenotypes in Humans... 

Genome Screens for QTLs Affecting Alcohol Related Phenotypes in Animal Models... 

Yokoyama A, Muramatsu T, Ohmori T et al. Alcohol-related cancers and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 in Japanese alcoholics. Carcinogenesis 1998 8 1383-87. 

McCarver DG, Thomasson HR, Mar-tier SS, Sokol RJ, Li T-K. Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 3 allele protects against alcohol-related birth defects among African Americans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997 283 1095-1101. 

Genome Screens for Alcohol-Related Phenotypes in Rodents 430 Clinical Correlations of the Pharmacogenomics of ADH and ALDH2, Alcohol Drinking Behavior, Alcoholism and the System Effects of Alcohol 431... 

It is well known that strong electrophiles such as carbocations are reduced by organosilicon hydrides (Eq. 1).3,70,71 On the other hand, simple mixtures of organosilicon hydrides and compounds with weakly electrophilic carbon centers such as ketones and aldehydes are normally unreactive unless the electrophilicity of the carbon center is enhanced by complexation of the carbonyl oxygen with Brpnsted acids3,70 73 or certain Lewis acids (Eq. 2).1,70,71,74,75 Using these acids, hydride transfer from the silicon center to carbon may then occur to give either alcohol-related or hydrocarbon products. 

Specific Effects of Alcohol Related to Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)... 

Alcohol-related Chloral hydrate Aquachloral 500-1500mg... 

Substance-Induced Dementias. Substances of abuse can also cause dementia. The most common is alcohol-related dementia. Chronic alcoholism leads to dementia in several ways. The poor diet of the alcoholic causes a deficiency of certain essential nutrients such as thiamine. The alcoholic often suffers recurrent head injuries from falls or altercations. Alcohol-induced liver failure can expose the brain to toxic injury. Finally, the direct toxic effects of alcohol itself on the brain can lead to dementia. In addition to alcohol, the abuse of inhalants such as paint thinner and... 

---