Psychological factors

Patients who require either PMV or LTMV are commonly affected by psychological problems, such as anxiety, agitation, delirium, depression, apathy, and posttraumatic stress disorder (21,34,116-118). In a preliminary report of 100 patients requiring prolonged 

Possible mechanisms for psychological dysfunction in ventilator-dependent patients include respiratory discomfort, severity of illness, sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation, and medication side effects (116,119,120). The delivery of mechanical ventilation itself can cause psychological dysfunction (34,116). Mechanical ventilation limits mohility, fosters isolation, impairs communication, and interferes with or blocks patient s control on the act of breathing (34). 

Aggressive treatment of depression may increase the likelihood of weaning from prolonged ventilation (121,122). Biofeedback, improved patients environment, communication and mobility, and specialized weaning centers have been used to decrease psychological problems in ventilated patients (34,123-126). 

Nava S, Vitacca M. Chronic ventilator facilities. In Tobin MJ, ed. Principles and Practice of Mechanical Ventilation. 2nd ed. New York McGraw-Hill Co., 2006 691-704. 

Kahn JM, Goss CH, Heagerty PJ, et al. Hospital volume and the outcomes of mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2006 355(l) 41-50. 

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To predict the comfort of a material, a combination of hand evaluation, eg, using the Kawabata system, as well as deterrnination of the heat and moisture transport properties, is necessary. Often, these values are correlated with a sensory evaluation of the tactile qualities of the material by a human subject panel. A thorough discussion of the many physical and psychological factors affecting comfort is available (134,135). 

A commonly expressed definition is Thermal Comfort is that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. The definition implies that the judgment of comfort is a mental process that results from physical, physiological, and psychological factors and processes. Dissatisfac tion can lead to complaints and other undesirable side effects. 

Kahn, R. L., French, J. P. R. (1970). Status and Conflict Two Themes in the Study of Stress. In J. E. McGrath (Ed.), Social and Psychological Factors in Stress. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 

Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., Lichenstein, S. (1981). Perceived Risk Psychological Factors and Social Implications. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 376,17-34. 

As this hypothesis is an interesting example of the influence of logical and psychological factors in the development of scientific discoveries, it will be discussed briefly in a short interlude on factors that are the basis for many scientific discoveries in general (Ch. 9). 

But what influence do psychological factors have on the working techniques of scientists Popper (1970) has doubts whether the regress to these often spurious sciences (i.e., psychology) can help us in the elucidation of these problems. ... 

The paper by Chamberlin published under the title The Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses in 1890 (republished in 1965) is, however, historically interesting. There he described the dangers of affection for a favorite theory by making reference to psychological factors. 

In conclusion, it seems to be clear that there is logic and psychology in scientific discovery. Its fundamental basis is logic, but that basis is inevitably disguised by psychological factors. 

Altered host susceptibility Immune-mediated mucosal damage Psychologic factors Siress... 

These scales may be used either as part of a clinical trial or as major endpoints in an efficacy trial. Here they are described as a means of obtaining ancillary data on psychological factors in a clinical trial. If these scales are used to demonstrate efficacy, it is mandatory to include only those scales known to be valid. 

Gurr, T. R. 1968. Psychological factors in civil violence. World Politics 20 (32), 245-78. 

The stimulus presentation method should be well adapted to avoid response variability as a result of response bias and other psychological factors. 

Remove the psychological factors that may have precipitated and maintained the disease. This may be as simple as establishing better relationships with family members or may require prolonged cognitive behavioural therapy. 

A number of conditions can give rise to pruritus and, irrespective of its cause, it is often affected by psychological factors. 

General measures include stopping smoking, reduction of excessive alcohol intake and exploration and, if possible, resolution of any significant psychological factors. Pharmacological treatments are of limited efficacy. 

The physiology of penile erection involves an interplay of anatomical, hemodynamic, neurophysiological, and sex hormone interaction. Penile erection is the result of a complex interaction between the central nervous system and other local factors. This physical event also can be influenced by psychological factors. 

There are also psychological factors that may predispose someone toward GAD. One of these is a history of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. Being involved in relationships that are unstable, like with someone who is an alcoholic or a drug abuser, is also associated with developing GAD. 

Randrup A, Munkvad 1, Fog R, et al Mania, depression and brain dopamine, in Current Developments in Psychopharmacology, Vol 2. Edited by Essmann WB, ValzeUi L. New York, Spectrum Publications, 1975, pp 206-248 Rapee RM Psychological factors influencing the affective response to biological challenge procedures in panic disorder. J Anxiety Disord 9 59-74, 1995 Rapee RM, Medoro L Pear of physical sensations and trait anxiety as mediators of the response to hyperventilation in nonclinical subjects. J Abnorm Psychol 103 693-699, 1994... 

Paris J (1996b). Psychological factors. In Social Factors in the Personality Disorders A biopsychosocial approach to aetiology and treatment. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, pp. 40-63... 

Petursson H Lader MH (1981). Withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine treatment. British Medical Journal, 238, 643-5 Philips G, Gossop M Bradley M (1986). The influence of psychological factors on the opiate withdrawal syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 135-8 Philhps AN, Gazzard BG, Clumeck N, Losso MH Lundgren JD (2007). When should antiretroviral therapy for HIV be started British Medical Journal, 334, 76-8 Poikolainen K (2002). Antecedents of substance use in adolescence. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15, 241-5... 

Psychological Factors Affectinq,a,Med, ca,l,Cg,nd Sleep Disorders Dyssomnias... 

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