Urine human

In humans, thiamine is both actively and passively absorbed to a limited level in the intestines, is transported as the free vitamin, is then taken up in actively metabolizing tissues, and is converted to the phosphate esters via ubiquitous thiamine kinases. During thiamine deficiency all tissues stores are readily mobilhed. Because depletion of thiamine levels in erythrocytes parallels that of other tissues, erythrocyte thiamine levels ate used to quantitate severity of the deficiency. As deficiency progresses, thiamine becomes indetectable in the urine, the primary excretory route for this vitamin and its metaboHtes. Six major metaboHtes, of more than 20 total, have been characterized from human urine, including thiamine fragments (7,8), and the corresponding carboxyHc acids (1,37,38). 

Citric acid occurs widely in the plant and animal kingdoms (12). It is found most abundantiy in the fmits of the citms species, but is also present as the free acid or as a salt in the fmit, seeds, or juices of a wide variety of flowers and plants. The citrate ion occurs in all animal tissues and fluids (12). The total ckculating citric acid in the semm of humans is approximately 1 mg/kg body weight. Normal daily excretion in human urine is 0.2—1.0 g. This natural occurrence of citric acid is described in Table 7. 

The metabolic fate of l-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-3-methyl-5-methoxy-pyrazole, mepirizole, has been investigated in rats, rabbits and man. Three metabolites, (751), (752) and (753), were identified in human urine (76CPB804). 

Hyphenation of HPLC with NMR combines the power of sepai ation with a maximum of stiaictural information by NMR. HPLC-NMR has been used in the detection and identification of diaig metabolites in human urine since 1992. The rapid and unambiguous determination of the major metabolites of diaigs without any pretreatment of the investigated fluid represents the main advantage of this approach. Moreover the method is non-destmctive and without the need to use radiolabelled compounds. 

RS- P-Aminoisobutyric acid (a-methyl-P-alanine) [10569-72-9] M 103.1, m 176-178 , 178-180 , 181-182 , R -(-)- isomer [144-90-1] m 183 , [a] -21 (c 0.43, HjO), pKes,(,) 3.7, pKEst(2) 10.2. Colorless prisms from hot H O, were powdered and dried in vacuo. The purity is checked by paper chromatography (Whatman 1) using ninhydrin spray to visualise the amino acid Rp values in 95% MeOH and n-PrOH/5N HCOOH (8 2) are 0.36 and 0.50 respectively. [Kupiecki and Coon Biochem Prep 7 20 7960 Pollack J Am Chem Soc 65 1335 7943.] The R-enantiomer, isolated from iris bulbs or human urine was crystd from H2O and sublimed in vacuo [Asen et al. J Biol Chem 234 343 7959]. The RS-hydrochloride was recrystd from EtOH/Et20 m 128-129 , 130° [Bbhme et al. Chem Ber92 1258, 1260, 1261 7959]. 

Urokinase (from human urine) [9039-53-6] Mr 53,000, [EC 3.4.21.31]. Crystn of this enzyme is induced at pH 5.0 to 5.3 (4") by careful addition of NaCl with gentle stirring until the soln becomes turbid (silky sheen). The NaCl concentration is increased gradually (over several days) until 98% of saturation is achieved whereby the urokinase crystallises as colourless thin brittle plates. It can be similarly recrystd to maximum specific activity [104K CTA units/mg of protein (Sherry et al. J Lab Clin Med 64 145 1964)]. [Lesuk et al. Science 147 880 1965 NMR Bogusky et al. Biochemistry 28 6728 1989.] It is a plasminogen activator [Gold et al. Biochem J 262 1989 ]. 

A stereoselective determination of enantiomers of 5, its A -oxide and N-desmethyl metabolites in human urine was developed by capillary electrophoresis using laser-induced fluorescence detection and sulfonated /1-cyclodextrin in the running buffer (01JC(B)169). 

Although estrone and estradiol (26) have both been isolated from human urine, it has recently been shown that it is the latter that is the active compound that binds to the so-called estrogen receptor protein. Reduction of estrone with any of a large number of reducing agents (for example, any of the complex metal hydrides) leads cleanly to estradiol. This high degree of stereoselectivity to afford the product of attack at the alpha side of the molecule is characteristic of many reactions of steroids. 

M. A. J. Bayliss, P. R. Baker and D. Wilkinson, Determination of the two major- human metabolites of tipredane in human urine by liigh performance liquid cliromatogr-aphy with column switching , J. Chromatogr. 694 199-209 (1997). 

M. Cavalleri, W. Pollini and L. Colombo, Determination of ramoplanin in human urine by high performance liquid cliromatography with automated column switching ,... 

Vanillylmandelic acid human urine acidification, centrifugation ion-pair CIS Affix EC 65... 

R. M. Mader, B. Rizovski, G. G. Steger, H. Rainer, R. Proprentner and R. Kotz, Determination of methoti exate in human urine at nanomolar levels by high-performance liquid cliromatography with column switching , 7. Chromatogr. 613 311-316 (1993). 

D. BaiTon, J. Barbosa, J. A. Pascual and J. Segura, Dkect deteimination of anabolic steroids in human urine by online solid-phase extraction/liquid cliromatography/mass specti ometi y , 7. Mass Spectrom. 31 309-319 (1996). 

J. Cai and J. Henion, On-line immunoaffinity exti action-coupled column capillary liquid cliromatography/tandem mass specb omeb y trace analysis of LSD analogs and metabolites in human urine . Anal. Chem. 68 72-78 (1996). 

In 20 liters of human urine is dissolved 1,200 grams of sodium benzoate (6% weight by volume). The solution is acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid (assay about 7.5% HCI) to a pH of 4.5 resulting in a heavy precipitation. This requires 10% of the original urine volume, or about 2 liters of aqueous hydrochloric acid. The suspension is stirred 20 minutes and is then allowed to stand for about 30 minutes. The mixture so obtained is filtered on a Buchner funnel that has been prepared with a precoat of benzoic acid crystals over filter paper. The filter cake is washed with a saturated benzoic acid solution, then sucked dry. The benzoic acid cake with the adsorbed urokinase weighs 2,060 grams. 

The presence of sparingly soluble components in human urine, such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, uric acid and l-cystine. Kidney stones are composed mainly of these compounds. 

Little more than a decade later, the vitalistic theory suffered still further when Friedrich Wohler discovered in 1828 that it was possible to convert the "inorganic" salt ammonium cyanate into the "organic" substance urea, which had previously been found in human urine. 

Chiaia AC, Banta-Green C, Field J (2008) Eliminating solid phase extraction with large-volume injection LC/MS/MS analysis of illicit and legal drags and human urine indicators in US wastewaters. Environ Sci Technol 42(23) 8841-8848... 

CranmerM. 1970. Determination of p-nitrophenol in human urine. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol... 

Fatiadi AJ. 1984. Priority toxic pollutants in human urine Their occurrence and analysis. Environ Int 10 175-205. 

A new technique has been developed to analyze a- and (3-endosulfan concentrations in human urine (Vidal et al. 1998). Samples are mixed with a buffer solution and then passed through solid phase extraction cartridges for analysis using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). 

Vidal JEM, Arrebola PJ, Pemandez-Gufierrez A, et al. 1998. Determination of endosulfan and its metabolites in human urine using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 719 71-78. 

Wohler (1828) synthesized urea (an organic compound found in human urine) from lead cyanate and ammonium hydroxide, neither of which are found in living matter. 

The availability of a cDNA for erythropoietin has made it possible to produce substantial amounts of this hormone for analysis and for therapeutic purposes previously the isolation of erythropoietin from human urine yielded very small amounts of the protein. The major use of recombinant erythropoietin has been in the treatment of a small number of anemic states, such as that due to renal failure. 

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