Vinyl copolymers with styrene

Tetrachloroethylene reacts with formaldehyde and concentrated sulfuric acid at 80°C to form 2,2-dichloropropanoic acid [75-99-0] (8). Copolymers with styrene, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile are formed in the presence of dibenzoyl peroxide (9,10). 

Thus, this polymerization catalyst yields more random copolymers with styrene, while still maintaining a low vinyl content and high trans-1,4 content. 

In later communications (27, 28) Hirooka reported that in addition to acrylonitrile, other conjugated monomers such as methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate formed active complexes with organoaluminum halides, and the latter yielded high molecular weight 1 1 alternating copolymers with styrene and ethylene. However, an unconjugated monomer such as vinyl acetate failed to copolymerize with olefins by this technique. 

Considerable efforts have been directed, primarily in Kennedy s group [3], to synthesize a series of block copolymers of isobutene with isoprene [90,91], styrene derivatives [92-104], and vinyl ethers [105-107]. Figure 7 lists the monomers that have been used for the block copolymerizations with isobutene. The reported examples include not only AB- but also ABA- and triarmed block copolymers, depending on the functionality of the initiators (see Chapter 4, Section V.B, Table 3). Obviously, the copolymers with styrene derivatives, particularly ABA versions, are mostly intended to combine the rubbery polyisobutene-centered segments with glassy styrenic side segments in attempts to prepare novel thermoplastic elastomers. These styrene monomers are styrene, p-methylstyrene, p-chlorostyrene, a-methylstyrene, and indene. 

Some of block copolymers with styrene derivatives are also amphiphilic, such as methyl vinyl ether-p-alkoxystyrene [88] and alkyl vinyl ether-p-hydroxystyrene (from p-r-butoxystyrene) [89] (Fig. 6). 

Some heterocyclic monomers may undergo random copolymerization with vinyl monomers. This is a case of cyclic acetals (e.g., 1,3-dioxolane) which forms the random copolymers with styrene [308,309] or isoprene [310], Apparently, the oxycarbenium ions, being in equilibrium with tertiary oxonium ions (cf., Section II.B.6.b), are reactive enough to add styrene ... 

Reactivity of a monomer in chain-growth copolymerization cannot be predicted from its behavior in homopolymerization. Thus, vinyl acetate polymerizes about twenty times as fast as styrene in a free radical reaction, but the product is almost pure polystyrene if an attempt is made to copolymerize the two monomers under the same conditions. Similarly, addition of a few percent of styrene to a polymerizing vinyl acetate mixture will stop the reaction of the latter monomer. By contrast, maleic anhydride will normally not homopoly merize in a free-radical system under conditions where it forms one-to-one copolymers with styrene. 

When a mixture of two (or more) types of monomers is used as starting material in a polymerization reaction, the result can be the formation of a copolymer. However, different monomers differ significantly in their tendency to enter into copolymers. Even some monomers that are very difficult to polymerize alone or do not form polymers at all may participate very easily in the formation of some copolymers. One such example is maleic anhydride that gives easily copolymers with styrene or with vinyl chloride and forms very difficultly a homopolymer. 

Use Vinyl nitrile monomer, copolymer with styrene, butadiene, etc., elastomers, coatings, plastics. 

Delayed emission has also been observed for copolymers of -vinyl-naphthalene with styrene and with methyl methacrylate [160,161], and seems to be much more probable with vinylaromatic polymers than with low molecular weight model compounds. This might be the result of extensive energy migration in polymeric systems, although the presence of impurities and structural defects appears likely to be the determining factor in some cases [161]. 

Copolymers with styrene and alkyl methacrylates were synthesized also. The coupling method was initially developed by Asami et al. (200. 210) who succeeded in preparing polymerizable oligomers from living poly(THF) by coupling with vinyl phenolate (CH2=CH-C H -0 ) or with vinylbenzyl alcoholate (CH2=CH-C H -CH20 ). The horaopolymerization and copolymerization of these Macroraers were studied (209). 

Due to the low solubility of poly(4-vinyl pyridine) in THF, a block copolymer of 4-vinyl pyridine with styrene has been used (Mn = 13,500). Living polyTHF (Mn = 3,300) has been grafted with efficiencies higher than 95 %. About 20 % of the pyridine units were consumed, yielding a graft copolymer with 80% polyTHF. No further data on this product were reported. 

The data depicted in Figure 3 were supplemented by investigations of butadiene-styrene copolymers with styrene contents of 10 and 20 wt %. It is evident from Figure 4 that crosslinking of these rubbers is also essentially determined by the number of 1,2-vinyl units. The data for styrene copolymers coincide with those of the polybutadiene curve. 

With vinyl chloride, the content of diene units in the elastomer considerably affects the yield of graft copolymer. With styrene, the values of the transfer constants of elastomers with different ENB contents suggest that this effect is much less. 

The concept of hydrophobe modification of water-soluble polymers may have arisen from the hydrophobic half-esters of maleic anhydride-methyl vinyl ether copolymers, which were commercially available products in the 1960s (i). Replacement of the methyl vinyl ether with styrene produced more stable copolymers in general (2), but hydrophobes attached through the ester... 

As shown in Table 11, the photoreduction process is quite efficient in phenyl vinyl ketone copolymers with styrene. Because of the rapid intersystem crossing in the phenyl ketone chromophore, it seems likely that both the reduction and chain scission processes proceed via the intermediacy of the triplet state. 

Pyroxylic spirit. See Methyl alcohol Pyroxylin Pyroxylin plastic Pyroxylin rods. See Nitrocellulose 2-Pyrrolidinone a-Pyrrolidinone. See 2-Pyrrolldone 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-cyclohexyl-. See N-Cyclohexyl pyrrolldone 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-dodecyl-. See Lauryl pyrrolldone 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, polymer with ethenylbenzene 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-vinyl-, polymer with styrene. See Styrene/PVP copolymer Pyrrolldone. See 2-Pyrrolldone... 

The problem is apparently due to some residual aluminum that is hard to remove. If, however, the reduction is carried out in a iV-methylmorpholine solution, followed by addition of potassium tartrate, a pure product can be isolated. A -Methylmorpholine is a good solvent for reductions of various macromolecules with metal hydrides.In addition, the solvent permits the use of strong NaOH solutions to hydrolyze the addition complexes that form. Other polymers that can be reduced in it are those bearing nitrile, amide, imide, lactam, and oxime pendant groups. Reduction of polymethacrylonitrile, however, yields a product with only 70% of primary amine groups. Complete reductions of pendant carbonyl groups with LiAlH4 in solvents other than A -methyl-morpholine, however, were reported. Thus, a copolymer of methyl vinyl ketone with styrene was fully reduced in tetrahydrofuran. ... 

Pyrrolidinone, 1-vinyl-, polymer with styrene. See Vinylpyrrolidone/styrene copolymer Styrene/PVP copolymer Pyrrolidone. See 2-Pyrrolidone 2-Pyrrol idone... 

Complete reductions of pendant carbonyl groups with LiAlH4 in solvents other than N-methylmorpholine, however, were reported. Thus, a copolymer of methyl vinyl ketone with styrene was fully reduced in tetrahydrofuran [242]. 

As an introduction, our previous studies on the conformations of maleic acid copolymers with aromatic vinyl monomers are summarized. To characterize the compact form and the pH-indueed conformational transition of the maleic acid copolymer with styrene in aqueous NaCl, 400 MHg H-NMR spectra were measured. The spectral form depended on the molecular conformation. Because each of proton resonance peaks could not be separated, the spin-lattice relaxation time T was estimated by using the inversion recovery technique (tf-t-tf/2). The T s for both side chain and backbone protons reflected the transition, and the protons were considered to be in a more restricted motional state in the compact form than in the coil form. Also, from temperature dependence of each Tj, motion of the copolymer in the coil form was described in terms of the local segmental jump (D) combined with the isotropic rotational motion (O), when a ratio between both the correlation times tq and Tq was about 0.07. For the compact form, the ratio was found to be about 10. By referring to theoretical diagram of Tj vs. tq for the methylene protons on the backbone, value of Tn for the compact form was compared with that for the coil form at 35 C. 

Acrylonitrile ia-kr9-l6- nl-tr9l, - trel (1893) (propenenitrile, vinyl cyanide) n. (1) A monomer with the structure CH2=CH-CN. It is most useful in copolymers. Its copolymer with butadiene is nitrile rubber, and several copolymers with styrene exist that are tougher than polystyrene. It is also used as a synthetic fiber and as a chemical intermediate. (2) A raw material for the manufacture of synthetic resins and rubbers. It is a liquid at room temperatures, with a bp of 77° C and ftp of 0°C. Kadolph SJ, Langford AL (2001) Textiles. Pearson Education, New York. Odian G (2004) Principles of polymerization. Joihn Wiley and Sons, New York. 

Butadiene byu-to- dI- en, - dI-K [ISV butane - - dir -h -ene] (1900) N. Buta-1,3-diene, 1,3-butadiene, erythrene, vinylethylene, bivinyl, divinyl. CH2=CHCH=CH2. A gas, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and ether, obtained from cracking of petroleum, from coal-tar benzene, or from acetylene. It is widely used in the formation of copolymers with styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride and other monomers, imparting flexibility to the products made from them. Its homopolymer is a synthetic rubber. As noted it is a synthetic chemical compound, used principally in the... 

The term butanes refers to the first three compounds above as a group. The butylenes are used as monomers for rubbery homopolymers and copolymers with styrene, acrylics other olefins, and vinyls. They are also used in adhesives for many plastics, and in making plasticizers. James F (ed) (1993) Whittingtons dictionary of plastics. Technomic Publishing Co. Inc., Carley. 

Butadiene is widely used in the formation of copolymers with styrene, acryloifitrile, vinyl chloride, and other monomeric substances to which it imparts flexibility to subsequent moldings. The largest use for butadiene is the production of elastomers, such... 

Thus, performing the activation in the presence of radically polymerizable alkenes leads to the first examples of well-defined AB or ABA-type PVDF-block copolymers with styrene (e, e ), butadiene (f, f, vinyl chloride (g, g ), vinyl acetate (h, h ), methyl acrylate (i, i, i"). and acrylonitrile (j, j ), initiated from both the PVDF halide chain ends. While here Mn2(CO)io simply performs irreversible halide activation, and there is no IDT, control of the block copolymerization can be envisioned by other CRP methods. 

Morcellet-Saurage and Loucheux investigated quaternization of homopolymers and copolymers with styrene of 2-vinyl-, 2-methyl-5-vinyl- and 4-vinylpyridine with butyl bromide. Both the homo- and co-polymers of 2-vinylpyridine, exhibited a rate retardation at about 4% conversion. The steric hindrance exerted by the polymer backbone appears to be the major factor causing deceleration. 

Pittman and coworkers reported a number of ferrocene-functionalized polymers in the 1960s and 1970s that not only included the synthesis but also the properties of these polymers. " In particular, the bulk and solution polymerization of vinylferrocene along with the physical, chemical, and electrical properties of many polymers and copolymers were studied. The copolymerization of vinyl-ferrocene with styrene was reported by Frey and co-workers in 1999, using living radical initiator 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-l-pyperidinyl-l-oxy (TEMPO). The polymers obtained by this method were block copolymers with narrow polydis-persities. 

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