Stabilizers markets

HM Klaui, W Hausheer, G Huschke. Technological aspects of the use of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids and of the development of stabilized marketable forms. In RA Morton, ed. Fat-Soluble Vitamins. Oxford Pergamon Press, 1970, pp 113-159. 

The market for heat stabilizers has kept pace with the growth of the PVC industry. Current annual consumption is about 80 million lb with the major part of the market made up of barium-cadmium stabilizers. The overall make-up of the stabilizer market in 1981 is shown in Table X (32). 

Batch analysis results—Complete batch analysis data should be included for key batches prepared throughout the development program, including, if practical, material manufactured at the site(s) that will supply material for commercial purposes. These test results should be provided against the specifications in place at the time of the release of the batch for its intended use. Often, it is valuable to include retrospective analyses of key batches using techniques established or modified subsequent to their initial release. This could be particularly beneficial for impurities, assuming the impurity profile method(s) were modified during development. It is also expected that information on the manufacture (date, size, location) and use of each listed batch (clinical, safety, stability, market product, etc.) be included in the application. 

Psyllium gum has the alnlity to prevent crystallization of sugar and it has been reported to be used in many dairy products. It has b used as cream stabilizer and it provides uniform, smooth creamy structure to the ice cream and maintains ftiis structure during ice thaw cycle. A current application in this context is manufactured by Meer Corporation which makes psyllium based stabilizers marketed as Merecol IC (11). Psyllium has also been used as dietary filae in cereals. In USA at least three leaidy-to-eat cereals have included psyllium as a component since 1989 (12). 

The entrance of Great Lakes into the European light stabilizer market with a series of acquisitions has been the most significant restructuring that has occurred in the light stabilizer market. This move has accelerated the trend toward a more competitive market in these materials. 

Lead stabilizers hold about M)% of the European PVC stabilizer market and organotins 10-15%, while the remainder is liquid or paste combinations of calcium and barium salts with zinc (according to estimates by Akcros). Stabilizers for UPVC window profile are lead-based materials at 68%, barium, cadmium and lead, and barium cadmium at 29%, and calcium- and zinc-based materials at 3%. 

Lessons. The study concludes that as long as incentives for competitive private sector trade are maintained, transparent, and announced ahead of time, tariff reductions can be used to stabilize market prices with only small losses of tariff revenues. With this policy in effect, the benefits to poor net rice consumers are estimated to be 2.0 to 8.7 times the value of lost tariff revenues. 

Agar occurs as a cell-wall constituent of the red marine algae Rho ophyceae, from which it is extracted by hot water, and marketed as a dry powder, flakes, or strips. It dissolves in hot water and sets on cooling to a jelly at a concentration as low as 0-5%. Its chief uses are as a solid medium for cultivating micro-organisms, as a thickener, emulsion stabilizer in the food industry and as a laxative. 

An advantage of the use of ceramics over the use of glass as an insulator in X-ray tubes is the larger freedom in design due to better stability and more reliable quality of the ceramics. Therefore, typical markets for metal-ceramic tubes are applications where only a relatively low amount of tubes, but in special designs, are used. 

Prepared feeds are marketed in various forms from very fine particles through cmmbles, flakes, and pellets. Pelleted rations may be hard, semimoist, or moist. Hard pellets typically contain less than 10% water and can be stored under cool, dry conditions for at least 90 days without deterioration of quahty. Semimoist pellets are chemically stabilized to protect them from degradation and mold if they are properly stored, while moist pellets must be frozen if they are not used immediately after manufacture. Moist feeds are produced in machines similar to sausage grinders. 

The growth of polyolefin fibers continues. Advances in olefin polymerization provide a wide range of polymer properties to the fiber producer. Inroads into new markets are being made through improvements in stabilization, and new and improved methods of extmsion and production, including multicomponent extmsion and spunbonded and meltblown nonwovens. 

Gums fall into a category of specialty chemicals called thickeners and stabilizers. This market is dominated by starch, starch derivatives, and ceUulosics (Table 2). Although the gums only represent approximately 5% of the sales by weight, they represent approximately 25% in dollars. 

Economics. As with the alkyl tin stabilizers, the market pricing of the mixed metal stabilizers tend to be directed by the particular appHcation. The calcium—zinc and barium—cadmium packages are typically used at 2.0—4.0 parts per hundred of PVC resin (phr) in the formulation. These completely formulated products are sold for 2.50— 4.40/kg for the Hquid products and 3.20— 6.50/kg for the soHds and pastes. The higher efficiency products aimed at rigid appHcations tend toward the higher end of the cost range. 

The basic metal salts and soaps tend to be less cosdy than the alkyl tin stabilizers for example, in the United States, the market price in 1993 for calcium stearate was about 1.30— 1.60, zinc stearate was 1.70— 2.00, and barium stearate was 2.40— 2.80/kg. Not all of the coadditives are necessary in every PVC compound. Typically, commercial mixed metal stabilizers contain most of the necessary coadditives and usually an epoxy compound and a phosphite are the only additional products that may be added by the processor. The requited costabilizers, however, significantly add to the stabilization costs. Typical phosphites, used in most flexible PVC formulations, are sold for 4.00— 7.50/kg. Typical antioxidants are bisphenol A, selling at 2.00/kg Nnonylphenol at 1.25/kg and BHT at 3.50/kg, respectively. Pricing for ESO is about 2.00— 2.50/kg. Polyols, such as pentaerythritol, used with the barium—cadmium systems, sells at 2.00, whereas the derivative dipentaerythritol costs over three times as much. The P-diketones and specialized dihydropyridines, which are powerful costabilizers for calcium—zinc and barium—zinc systems, are very cosdy. These additives are 10.00 and 20.00/kg, respectively, contributing significantly to the overall stabilizer costs. Hydrotalcites are sold for about 5.00— 7.00/kg. 

The 30% reagent-grade hydrogen peroxide is purer than the industrial grades, is covered by ACS reagent specification, and is used as a laboratory reagent and in some specialty uses (see Fine chemicals). Several grades are also marketed for electronics use and thus have exceptionally low impurity levels. Some of these latter contain very Httie or no stabilizers (see Electronic materials). 

The 35 and 50% H2O2 concentrations are used for most industrial appHcations. The standard grades contain sufficient stabilizers to ensure safety. Grades having lower stabilizer content and evaporative residue are available for specialty uses and for aseptic cleansing of containers in food processing and marketing. 

Petroleum (qv) products dominate lubricant production with a 98% share of the market for lubricating oils and greases. While lower cost leads to first consideration of these petroleum lubricants, production of various synthetic lubricants covered later has been expanding to take advantage of special properties such as stability at extreme temperatures, chemical inertness, fire resistance, low toxicity, and environmental compatibility. 

Nearly half of the U.S. domestic food consumption of peanuts in 1993 was as peanut butter salted peanuts, at 27.3%, and peanut candy, at 23.9% made up the other half (137). Although the per capita domestic peanut consumption in the United States has increased steadily, the consumption in recent years has not kept pace with production. Domestic food use of peanuts has been confined almost entirely to roasted peanuts. A number of investigations and developmental efforts are being made to extend the use of nonroasted peanut products such as flour and meal flakes. As of the mid-1990s, market outlets for these latter products are neither sizable nor firmly established. The food-use patterns emphasize the uniqueness and demand for products having a distinct roasted-peanut flavor. The development of the desired flavor as well as the storage stability of such flavor in peanut-food products are therefore important. 

The chemical industry manufactures a large number of antioxidants (qv) as well as uv stabilizers and their mixtures with other additives used to facilitate resin processing. These companies include American Cyanamid, BASE, Ciba—Geigy, Eastman Chemical, Elf Atochem, Enichem, General Electric, Hoechst—Celanese, Sandoz, and Uniroyal, among others. The combined market for these products in the United States exceeded 900 million in 1994 and will reach 1 billion in the year 2000. 

Metal poHshes may contain emulsifiers and thickeners for controlling the consistency and stabilization of abrasive suspensions, and the product form can be soHd, paste, or Hquid. Liquid and paste products can be solvent or emulsion types the market for the latter is growing. Formulas for metal poHshes are Hsted ia Reference 12. A representative Hquid emulsion product may contain 8—25 wt % abrasive, 2—6 wt % surfactant, 0—5 wt % chelating agents, and 0—25 wt % solvent, with the remainder being water. The abrasive content ia an emulsion paste product is greater than that ia a solvent product. 

---