Micro organisms

The corrosion action of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is well known in the oil industry, especially in cooling water systems, fire water loops, after hydrotesting of tanks and vessels, and in mothballed or water-flooded systems. 

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Agar occurs as a cell-wall constituent of the red marine algae Rho ophyceae, from which it is extracted by hot water, and marketed as a dry powder, flakes, or strips. It dissolves in hot water and sets on cooling to a jelly at a concentration as low as 0-5%. Its chief uses are as a solid medium for cultivating micro-organisms, as a thickener, emulsion stabilizer in the food industry and as a laxative. 

Enzymes are obtained from plants, animals and micro-organisms by extraction with a suitable solvent, preferably after the cell structure has been destroyed by drying or grinding. They can be purified by precipitation and resolution and by fractional absorption and elution. Many enzymes have been obtained crystalline. 

Folic acid and its derivatives (mostly the tri-and heptaglutamyl peptides) are widespread in nature. It is a specific growth ctor for certain micro-organisms, but in animals the intestinal bacteria provide the small quantities needed for growth. The coenzyme forms are actually... 

Vitamin B,2 is produced by the growth of certain micro-organisms, and occurs also in liver, being the extrinsic anti-pernicious anaemia factor the isolation of which was sought for many years. 

Combining informativeness and accuracy with readability, Stephanie Yanchinski explores the hopes, fears and, more importantly, the realities of biotechnology - the science of using micro-organisms to manufacture chemicals, drugs, fuel and food. 

For jet fuels, the elimination of free water using filters and coalescers by purging during storage, and the limit of 5 ppm dissolved water are sufficient to avoid incidents potentially attributable to water contamination formation of micro-crystals of ice at low temperature, increased risk of corrosion, growth of micro-organisms. 

Corrosion associated with the action of micro-organisms present in the corrosion system. The biological action of organisms which is responsible for the enliancement of corrosion can be, for instance, to produce aggressive metabolites to render the environment corrosive, or they may be able to participate directly in the electrochemical reactions. In many cases microbial corrosion is closely associated with biofouling, which is caused by the activity of organisms that produce deposits on the metal surface. 

S. M. Martin and B. D. Skerman, World Directory of Micro-organisms, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972. 

M. Lieiscli, J. Nuescli, and H. J. Tieichlei in Proceedings of the Second International Sjmposium on Genetics of Industrial Micro-organisms, Academic Press, London, 1976, p. 179. 

In field testing, there are many commercial products and instmments available that ate helphil in rapidly detecting, identifying, and quantifying micro organisms. 

Animals and their associated gut micro-organisms have co-evolved and it is therefore possible to implicate micro-organisms, directly or indirectly, in both... 

Resistance to penetration by micro-organisms is covered by EN 374-2 and protection from low temperatures in EN 511. Careful handling and regular inspection are essential since chemicals and abrasion will eventually cause deterioration of gloves. Rinsing in clean water and drying naturally will prolong their life. 

H9 Infectious substances containing viable micro-organisms or their toxins which are known or reliably... 

EEC Directive on the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms... 

CFXI Viable micro-organisms (bacteria, yeasts mould) capable of growth under the prescribed conditions (medium, atmosphere, time and temperature) develop into visible colonies (colony forming units) which are counted. The term colony forming unit (CPU) is used because a colony may result from a single micro-organism or from a clump / cluster of micro-organisms. 

Enzymes are proteins of high molecular weight and possess exceptionally high catalytic properties. These are important to plant and animal life processes. An enzyme, E, is a protein or protein-like substance with catalytic properties. A substrate, S, is the substance that is chemically transformed at an accelerated rate because of the action of the enzyme on it. Most enzymes are normally named in terms of the reactions they catalyze. In practice, a suffice -ase is added to the substrate on which die enzyme acts. Eor example, die enzyme dial catalyzes die decomposition of urea is urease, the enzyme dial acts on uric acid is uricase, and die enzyme present in die micro-organism dial converts glucose to gluconolactone is glucose oxidase. The diree major types of enzyme reaction are ... 

There are many reactions in which the products formed often act as catalysts for the reaction. The reaction rate accelerates as the reaction continues, and this process is referred to as autocatalysis. The reaction rate is proportional to a product concentration raised to a positive exponent for an autocatalytic reaction. Examples of this type of reaction are the hydrolysis of several esters. This is because the acids formed by the reaction give rise to hydrogen ions that act as catalysts for subsequent reactions. The fermentation reaction that involves the action of a micro-organism on an organic feedstock is a significant autocatalytic reaction. 

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