Use for commercial purposes

Compared to conventional combustion, carbon dioxide exits a coal gasifier in a concentrated stream instead of a diluted flue gas. This allows the carbon dioxide to be captured more easily and used for commercial purposes or sequestered. 

Some of the materials and techniques used in molecular biology may attract royalties if used for commercial purposes. Vectors, host strains and off-the-shelf DNA manipulation methods are usually readily available for modest licence fees for research purposes, but additional licences would need to be sought (and fees paid) if these systems were used in a commercial process. Where commercial exploitation is planned, the researchers should be prepared to switch to royalty-free genetic systems and avoid the use of costly and potentially toxic materials, such as artificial inducers or substrates, as gene expression regulators. 

Large quantities of explosives are used every year. In the United States, for example, the annual consumption exceeds over 2 million tonnes. Most are used for commercial purposes and are ammonium nitrate-based formulations. There are less than a dozen chemical explosives that are manufactured in bulk quantities, and most of these were discovered in the 50-year period between 1850 and 1900. New explosives have been synthesized but optimization of the formulations takes decades and is very expensive. Consequently, any new material has to offer very significant advantages, either in terms of unique performance for military applications or in terms of cost and safety for commercial applications. 

Hexanone is not currently manufactured, processed, or used for commercial purposes in the United States (EPA 1987b). 2-Hexanone had been used as a solvent for many materials, primarily in the lacquer industry as a solvent for lacquers and varnish removers. It had also been used as a solvent for ink thinners, resins, oils, fats, and waxes. 2-Hexanone had also been used as an intermediate in the synthesis of organic chemicals (ACGIH 1986 HSDB 1989). 

Fuse, Electric Powder. See "electric powder fuse" in this Vol under Detonators used for commercial purposes... 

Oil Shale (Shale Oil) Sedimentary rock that contains kerogen, a solid, waxy mixture of hydrocarbon compounds. Heating the rock to very high temperatures will convert the kerogen to a vapor, which can then be condensed to form a slow flowing heavy oil that can later be refined or used for commercial purposes. The United States contains vast amounts of oil shale deposits, but so far it has been considered not economically feasible to produce from them on a large scale. 

It was very important to explore the possibility to manufacture new forms of CNM using the SE method. It has a very high productivity and can be used for commercial purposes. The spectral compositions of the synthesis products obtained by the SE method using the graphite electrodes and different surrounding mediums are represented in Table 2. It is well seen that a set of fullerene-like materials can be produced by the SE method, too. 

These authors were quick to note from their study results that, although red glass gave the best overall photo protection of those glasses studied, "...its cost prohibits its use for commercial purposes."... 

Nicotiana tabacum is the principal source of nicotine. The stems and leaves of the plant are used for commercial purposes. Tobacco is now cultivated in many countries of the world. 

More mathematical analyses were released in the public domain and were eventually published. PRORANK is a new software which is currently developed and which is mainly thought of to be used for commercial purposes, see also page 111. Another powerful program RANA was developed by Pavan et al. (2003) see also page 181. Programs with more specific tasks like Po Correlation of Sorensen et al., see page 259 are currently under development. 

Creosote is a wood preservative used for commercial purposes only it has no registered residential uses. 

Approximately 80% of all small-size sealed lead-acid batteries are estimated to be used for commercial purposes, such as UPS, and should be treated in the same way as industrial batteries, as stated above. 

A few drugs contain alkyne functional groups, but they are not naturally occurring compounds. They exist only because chemists have been able to synthesize them. Their trade names are shown in green. Trade names are always capitalized and can be used for commercial purposes only by the owner of the registered trademark (Section 30.1). 

Byproducts that are not used for commercial purposes do not need to be listed on the Inventory and consequently are not subject to premanufacture notification requirements, although they are chemical substances and are subject to other TSCA provisions. Byproduct is defined in the Inventory rules as ... 

Section 15 of TSCA, entitled Prohibited Acts, enumerates the acts that violate TSCA. It says, somewhat obviously, that a violation of any reporting obligation, any test rule, or any other requirement of 4 or 5 is a violation. Similarly, it is a TSCA violation to fail to maintain required records or allow the EPA to inspect a facility. It adds a very critical dimension to the list of violations by stating that using a substance that was manufactured in violation of TSCA is itself a violation of TSCA. The most significant language is that it shall be unlawful for any person to. .. (2) use for commercial purposes a chemical substance or mixture which such person knew or had reason to know was manufactured, processed, or distributed in commerce in violation of the 5 and premanufacture notification (PMN) rules, a ban or restriction under TSCA 6 or 7, or a rule or order under those sections. 

Section 15 of TSCA prohibits use for commercial purposes of any substance if such person knew or had reason to know it was manufactured in violation of the Premanufacture Notification requirements. 15 U.S.C. i 2614. Therefore any substance not on the TSCA Inventory should be quarantined until its disposition is determined. Similarly a substance that was made with an isolated intermediate that is not on the Inventory cannot be used for a commercial purpose even if that end product is on the Inventory. 

Among these, the most common diisocyanates used on a large scale are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and MDI.TDI was the first commercially available isocyanate and is available as a mixture of 80% 2,4- and 20% 2,6-toluene diisocyanate isomers (Table 6.2), although they are also available as pure single isomers. Similarly, MDI has three isomers, namely 4,4 -, 2,4 -and 2,2 -diphenylmethane diisocyanate. However, only the 4,4 -isomer is used for commercial purposes although all the isomers are present in polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI) which is also used in the preparation of polyurethane. 

Poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide) copolymers were presented in 1990 as a promising membrane material [43]. These block copolymers were developed in 1972 but in 1981 began to be used for commercial purpose under the trade name Pebax , produced by ATOCHEM [44] (now ARKEMA). Another important group of segmented poly(ester)s used for membranes are block copolymers based on PEO and PBT (poly(butylene tereph-thalate), known under commercial name of Polyactive [45]. By changing the polyamide and polyether segment, molecnlar mass and the content of each block, the mechanical, chemical, and physical properties are nicely tnned as well [46]. 

The TSCA inventory (a list of 70,000 toxic chemicals) was established to record all products manufactured, imported, sold, processed, or used for commercial purposes. Exemptions include R D chemicals and by-products without commercial purpose. The TSCA also controls premanufacture review of new chemical substances, risk assessment by testing and information gathering, recordkeeping and reporting on health and environmental effects associated with chemical substances, and restrictions on known hazardous chemicals. 

All color centers share one common feature that is, they are inherently unstable and hence are not used for commercial purposes to give ceramics color. Color centers can be bleached or removed from the material both thermally (heating the ceramic) or by exposure to certain wavelengths of light (photobleaching). 

Silica gels of two types of pore size distribution are frequently used for commercial purposes. Type A and B have diftetent shapes of adsorption isotherms of water vapor (Fig. 2.6). This difference originates from the fact that type A is controlled to form pores of 2.0/3.0nm while Type B has larger pores of about 7.0nm. Internal surface areas are about 650 m /g (Type A) and 450 m /g (Type B). 

I Sources. Because lead was widely used for commercial purposes in the past and is persist tent in the environment, lead poisoning continues to occur in domestic animals. Sourcxs... 

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