Annual consumption

If 10% of the U.S. gasoline consumption were replaced by methanol for a twenty year period, the required reserves of natural gas to support that methanol consumption would amount to about one trillion m (36 TCF) or twice the 1990 annual consumption. Thus the United States could easily support a substantial methanol program from domestic reserves. However, the value of domestic natural gas is quite high. Almost all of the gas has access through the extensive pipeline distribution system to industrial, commercial, and domestic markets and the value of gas in these markets makes methanol produced from domestic natural gas uncompetitive with gasoline and diesel fuel, unless oil prices are very high. 

High purity lead difluoride is available from Advance Research Chemicals, Aldrich Chemicals, Johnson/Matthey, Atomergic, Cerac, and other supphers ia the United States. The U.S. annual consumption varies between 500 to 2500 kg/yr. The 1993 price varied between 10—20/kg. 

This material is produced on pilot-plant scale and the U.S. annual consumption is less than 50 kg/yr. As of 1993, the price was 1500/kg. It is available from Advance Research Chemicals Inc., Aldrich Chemicals, Atomergic, Cerac, Johnson/Matthey, Pfalt2 Bauer, and Strem Chemicals. 

Historically, the annual consumption of nickel fluoride was on the order of a few metric tons. Usage is droppiag because nickel fluoride is Hsted ia the EPA and TSCA s toxic substance iaventory. Nickel fluoride tetrahydrate is packaged ia 200—500-lb (90.7—227-kg) dmms and the 1993 price was 22/kg. Small quantities for research and pilot-plant work are available from Advance Research Chemicals, Aldrich Chemicals, Johnson/Matthey, Pfalt2 and Bauer, PCR, and Strem Chemicals of the United States, Fluorochem of the United Kingdom, and Morita of Japan. 

Economic Aspects and Shipping. Consumption of SF has increased gradually as dielectric uses have broadened. The estimated worldwide annual consumption for 1992 was about 6000 metric tons. The 1992 U.S. price was ca 8—15/kg. 

The trends in total world mine production rates from 1987 to 1992 are evident in Table 3. An 8-yr averaging shows ca 2% growth in annual consumption. The average price of nickel has varied from year to year the actual price more than doubled from 1985 to 1988. However, third quarter 1993 prices dropped below mid-1980 prices to < 4.50/kg. Based on the 1992 world nickel consumption level of 813,900 t and the average annual London Metal Exchange (LME) nickel price, the 1992 monetary value for the nickel mining and refining industry would be approximately 6 x 10 . ... 

The single largest market for quaternary ammonium compounds is as fabric softeners. In 1993 this market accounted for over 50,000 metric tons of quaternaries in the United States (235). Consumption of these products is increasing at an annual rate of about 2—3%. The hair care market consumed over 9000 metric tons of quaternary ammonium compounds in 1992 (236). The annual consumption for organoclays is estimated at 12,700 metric tons (237). Esterquats have begun to gain market share in Western Europe and growth is expected to continue. 

The traditional natural resins are collected or isolated from trees, primarily in the more moderate climates of the world. Before World War II, annual consumption of these resins in the United States was about 18,000—23,000 t. This dropped to about 9000 t/yr by the late 1940s. The total imported volume in 1995 is estimated at <500 t. These resins have been replaced by synthetic resins in most industrial appHcations. Traditional natural resins are sold in bulk quantities for about 1.32— 6.60/kg. Special grades of these resins are sold for as much as 132/kg. The largest importer of traditional natural resins is P. 

Annual consumption of strontium metal has increased from a few kilograms to several hundred metric tons. The largest single producer worldwide of strontium metal is Timminco Metals, a division of Timminco Ltd. (Toronto, Canada), which commissioned a faciUty in 1987 in Westmeath, Ontario, for production of high purity strontium metal. Other producers of strontium metal include Calstron Corporation (Memphis, Teimessee) and Pechiney ElectrometaHurgie (Erance). 

Sulfur consumption reached peak levels by the beginning of the 1990s. The apparent annual consumption of sulfur in all forms in the United States nearly reached 13.2 million metric tons by 1995. World sulfur production increased steadily from 53.6 million metric tons in 1984 to an all-time high of 60.1 million metric tons in 1989, declining to 54.6 million metric tons in 1995. 

The beer is taxed with a basic rate on the wort gravity of 1030° and an extra rate for each additional degree of gravity. For example, in 1985 about 500/L at 1030° and 1.50/L for each additional degree. The tax is based on wort production, but includes an allowance for a legitimate loss of 6%. Production has decreased from 64.6 x 10 hL in 1975 to 60.3 x 10 hL in 1988. Per capita annual consumption was 111 L in 1987. 

These batteries account for - 50% of 1990 U.S. annual consumption of cadmium and are used ia heavy-duty, long-life appHcations such as rechargeable tools, apphances, iastmments, and electronics (36). 

Crystalline D-fmctose also finds use in the food industry. The annual consumption, in the United States, of dextrose is >600,000 tons and of HFCS... 

The part of the resource that is economically recoverable varies by country. The estimates made in the survey show that the proven recoverable reserves would last about 1200 years at the 1988 annual rate of production and that the estimated additional amount in place represent almost 1700 years at 1988 annual consumption. 

Material costs are conveniently presented in tables that give the following name of material, form and grade, method of dehveiy, unit of measure, cost per unit, source of cost, annual consumption, annual cost, fractional consumption per unit of production, and cost per unit of production. 

Antimonious acid H3Sb03 and its salts are less well characterized but a few meta-antimonites and polyantimonites are known, e.g. NaSb02, NaSb305.H20 and Na2Sb407. The oxide itself finds extensive use as a flame retardant in fabrics, paper, paints, plastics, epoxy resins, adhesives and rubbers. The scale of industrial use can be gauged from the US statistics which indicate an annual consumption of Sb203 of some 10000 tonnes in that country. 

The annual consumption of 70% HCIO4 is about 450 tonnes mainly for making other perchlorates. Most of the NaClOa produced is used captively to make NH4CIO4 and HCIO4. but about 725 tpa is used for explosives, particularly in slurry blasting formulations. 

Xanthines such as caffeine (1)> theophylline (aminophylline) (2), and theobromine (3) are a class of alkaloids that occur in numerous plants. The CNS stimulant activity of aqueous infusions containing these compounds has been recognized since antiquity. This has, of course, led to widespread consumption of such well-known beverages as coffee (Coffea arabica), tea (Thea sinesis), mate, and cola beverages (in part Cola acuminata). The annual consumption of caffeine in the United States alone has been estimated to be in excess of a billion kilos. The pure compounds have found some use in the clinic as CNS stimulants. In addition, caffeine is widely used in conjunction with aspirin in various headache remedies. 

During the late 1990s annual consumption rates of commercial energy ranged from less than 25 kgoe (or... 

Although the technology required to harness tidal energy is well established, because tidal power is expensive there is only one major tidal generating station in operation in the world today. This is a 240-megawatt power plant at the mouth of the La Ranee River estuary on the northern coast of France, generating power roughly equal to the annual consumption of the nearby town of Rennes, which has a population of 200,000. 

Provision of rates of charges (depending on annual consumption),... 

The economically recoverable coal reserves are of the order of 4.2 x 10 tee, which, with an annual consumption of around 111 x 10 tee, gives a life of 38 years. However, the recoverable coal reserves are much greater, at 30 X 10 tee or 270 years supply. 

The raw materials needed to supply about ten million new automobiles a year do not impose a difficult problem except in the case of the noble metals. Present technology indicates that each car may need up to ten pounds of pellets, two pounds of monoliths, or two pounds of metal alloys. The refractory oxide support materials are usually a mixture of silica, alumina, magnesia, lithium oxide, and zirconium oxide. Fifty thousand tons of such materials a year do not raise serious problems (47). The base metal oxides requirement per car may be 0.1 to 1 lb per car, or up to five thousand tons a year. The current U.S. annual consumption of copper, manganese, and chromium is above a million tons per year, and the consumption of nickel and tungsten above a hundred thousand tons per year. The only important metals used at the low rate of five thousand tons per year are cobalt, vanadium, and the rare earths. 

The total annual consumption of oxygen by weathering can be estimated (Holland, 1978) as follows ... 

Table 8.7. Known fossil fuel reserves, annual consumption, and years left if consumption continues at the same level.

Based on the analysis of the annual consumption of foods of participating catering facilities, there were 22 of the final products which constitute the largest food consumption selected. 

Some typical areas of former use are presented in Table 1 with an assessment of the problems coming up with the separation of used products containing PCBs. The overall production was about 1.5 Mio Mg until the end of the eighties. Many production lines ceased already until 1980. In Europe, PCBs were banned first for open [30], then for closed applications [31]. But many of the closed applications turned out to be open in reality, as has been demonstrated for hydraulic fluids used in German coal mines, where up to two third of the annual consumption of PCBs were lost [32],... 

The equivalent calculation of the environmental impact on the European level for substituting recycled fibre-based packaging material by virgin fibre-based material results in the required amount of 47 Mio t of wood or an equivalent of 110 million m3 of standing timber, an additional annual consumption of 400 Mio m3 of water,... 

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