Special dietary requirements

MAOI/RIMA Panic disorder Social anxiety disorder PTSD Significant short- and long-term side-effects special dietary requirements moclobemide better tolerated Significant overdose toxicity (less with moclobemide) Reported... 

Sweetness is one of the most important taste sensations for humans. Sucrose has been widely used for its sweetness as well as for functional properties such as texture, mouthfeel, bulking agent, and preservative. However, the specialized dietary requirements of diabetics and health concerns about obesity and dental caries have prompted a considerable research effort into the development of alternative sweeteners (1-6). 

Additionally, dextrin has been used as a source of carbohydrate by people with special dietary requirements because it has a low electrolyte content and is free of lactose and sucrose. ... 

Lactases To produce low-lactose milk and related products for special dietary requirements... 

Early applications of crystalline fructose focused on foods for special dietary applications, primarily calorie reduction and diabetes control. The latter application sought to capitalize on a signiftcandy lower serum glucose level and insulin response in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes melUtus (21,22) and insulin-dependent diabetes (23). However, because fmctose is a nutritive sweetener and because dietary fmctose conversion to glucose in the hver requires insulin in the same way as dietary glucose or sucrose, recommendations for its use are the same as for other nutritive sugars (24). Review of the health effects of dietary fmctose is available (25). 

Xyfitol is approved, according to 21 CFR 172.395, for special dietary uses at levels not greater than that required to produce its intended effect. Xyfitol is used in sugar-free chewing gum to provide sweetness, softness and a cooling effect. 

Very special quality demands and quality systems are those for the production and certification of kosher and halal products, which at the time are gaining in importance all over the world. Kashrut is the body of Jewish law dealing with what foods Jews can and cannot eat and how those foods must be prepared. Kashrut originates from the ffebrew and means fit , proper or correct . The more commonly known word kosher comes from the same roots and refers to foodstuffs that meet these dietary requirements of Jewish law. Halal is an... 

Linoleic acid (18 3 -6 and a-linolenic acid (18 3n-3) are metabolically essential fatty acids, but linoleic acid is the only essential fatty acid for which a dietary requirement has been established. Characteristic EFA deficiency symptoms observed in poultry include an increased need for water and decreased resistance to disease. A dietary requirement for linoleic acid has been set at 1% of diet dry matter. No major special considerations are mentioned for turkeys, ducks, ringnecked pheasants, Japanese quail, and bobwhite quail (16). 

Storage diseases Some of the genetic metabolic diseases require special dietary measures, e.g. (1.) disorders of the urea cycle are treated by means of a diet similar to that applied in encephalopathy (s. p. 594), (2.) Gierke s disease necessitates a high-carbohydrate diet (s. p. 595), (i.) Cori s disease is treated with formula diets and a starch diet (s. p. 596), (4.) galactosaemia requires a galactose-and lactose-free diet (s. p. 597), and (5.) in fructose intolerance, a fructose- and saccharose-free diet must be given, (s. p. 597)... 

The Sacred Chow deli (522 Hudson St., b 212-337-0863) is an excellent place to pick up entrees for a holiday party. Dishes like the seitan roulade with chestnut pesto are offered to go by the pound. Everything is kosher, organic and completely animal-free. The deli can meet other dietary requirements, such as providing wheat-free, grain-free, fat-free, and dishes with no refined sweeteners on special order. 

Feeding pigs [8], Some farmers are planning to feed their pigs with a mixture of three products cmshed meal, a special food, and vitamins. They have several thousand pigs, and each pig should eat at least 8 [kg] of the mixture per day. The daily dietary requirements and associated costs are presented in the following table ... 

Establishment of such curves presupposes not only random sampling of the population with which the figures are to be used but also clear definitions of the terms minimal, optimal, adequate, and good. It is suggested that, in the presence of so many variables, plus the further evidence of variation in requirements from day to day, the present development of tables of dietary requirements is a false interpretation of the whole situation. Such tables have been necessary under certain special conditions, but their wide application around the world and their indiscriminate use for purposes other than intended is undesirable. 

Special Dietary Products. The use of special foods and mineral supplements may be justified when it appears that the diet is deficient in certain essential elements. Ordinary diets may not suffice to meet mineral needs under circumstances such as (1) pregnancy (2) breast feeding of infants (3) illnesses which depress the appetite (4) types of malnutrition that require rapid restoration of the body s supply of certain minerals these conditions require the attention of physicians who are proficient in nutritionai therapy) (5) sharp restrictions in caloric intake in order to achieve rapid reduction in body weight or (6) shortages of wholesome, nutritious foods. 

Nutrition and nervous system disorders are further related since nervous disorders often require special dietary adjustments, and may present some feeding difficulties. 

Paralysis of both arms and both legs. It can be caused by disease—poliomyelitis, Landry s acute ascending paralysis (due to an acute infection of the spinal cord), diptheria, leprosy—or injury which severs the spinal cord at the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra. Quadriplegics require some special dietary considerations due to reduced activity and difficulties encountered in preparing and eating food. 

In addition to food- or nutrient-based interactions in the metabolism of drugs, it has become quite clear in recent years that so-called dietary supplements including botanicals have the potential to participate in such interactions. The latter observation has special relevance because of the extensive use of such products worldwide ( 12 billion per year in the United States alone), their easy commercial availability (no prescription required), and their common use with prescribed drugs. Furthermore, many people consider such natural products to be safe and free of any bad effects (it should be pretty easy to recall many poisons... 

Reference Intakes (DRIs). In the past, the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs), which are the levels of intake of essential nutrients that are considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons, were the primary reference value for vitamins and other nutrients. The DRIs also include other reference values, such as the estimated average requirement (EAR) and the adequate intake (AI). The RDA, EAR, and AI reference standards define nutritional intake adequacy. Since these recommendations are given for healthy populations in general and not for individuals, special problems, such as premature birth, inherited metabolic disorders, infections, chronic disease, and use of medications, are not covered by the requirements. Separate RDAs have been developed for pregnant and lactating women. Vitamin supplementation may be required by patients with special conditions and for those who do not consume an appropriate diet. 

Dietary supplements are products taken by mouth that contain an ingredient intended to supplement the diet, such as vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, and metabolites. Dietary supplements come in many forms, including extracts, concentrates, tablets, capsules, gel caps, liquids, and powders. They have special requirements for labeling. In the U.S., the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 states that dietary supplements are considered foods, not drugs. (Note that some dietary supplements are used in conventional medicine for example, folic acid... 

A quantitatively important pathway of cysteine catabolism in animals is oxidation to cysteine sulfinate (Fig. 24-25, reaction z),450 a two-step hydroxyl-ation requiring 02, NADPH or NADH, and Fe2+. Cysteine sulfinic acid can be further oxidized to cyste-ic acid (cysteine sulfonate),454 which can be decarbox-ylated to taurine. The latter is a component of bile salts (Fig. 22-16) and is one of the most abundant free amino acids in human tissues 455-457 Its concentration is high in excitable tissues, and it may be a neurotransmitter (Chapter 30). Taurine may have a special function in retinal photoreceptor cells. It is an essential dietary amino acid for cats, who may die of heart failure in its absence,458 and under some conditions for humans.459 In many marine invertebrates, teleosts, and amphibians taurine serves as a regulator of osmotic pressure, its concentration decreasing in fresh water and increasing in salt water. A similar role has been suggested for taurine in mammalian hearts. A chronically low concentration of Na+ leads to increased taurine.460 Taurine can be reduced to isethionic acid... 

In the case of MAO B inhibitors, no significant amount of MAO A is inhibited, and there is very little risk of hypertension from dietary amines. Patients taking MAO B inhibitors to prevent progression of Parkinson s disease, for example, do not require any special diet. On the other hand, MAO B inhibitors are not effective antidepressants at doses that are selective for MAO B. 

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