Animal-free

Cochineal (El20). Cochineal is a traditional natural colour. It is made from a Mexican beetle. The only problems with cochineal, apart from expense, is that it is not kosher and it is not animal free. Cochineal is not kosher not because it is made from an insect but because the insect is not itself kosher. 

Perfusion experiments before oxygenation problems were solved often gave incomplete or misleading information. Embden s work on fatty acid oxidation in liver (see Chapter 7) suggested acetoacetate was a normal metabolite, although in the intact animal free acetoacetate is only detected when glucose oxidation is impaired. 

Konrad Lorenz was bom in Vienna on November 7, 1903. He was a late child, his brother being 18 years older. His father Prof. Dr. Adolf Lorenz was the founder of orthopedics in Vienna. Konrad grew up in a spacious villa within a magnificent park-like garden. From his early days he was interested in animal behavior, and soon he adhered to the principle of keeping most animals free, though this sometimes created problems for visitors. His brother Albert vividly describes the situation in his autobiography Since in freedom tamed animals lose their fear of man, but at the same time also as a consequence... 

The implementation of animal test protocols in the 1980s has been accompanied by the development of a host of alternative methods to study adverse effects of chemicals on reproductive and developmental parameters. For example, rat whole embryo culture stems from the seventies (16), as does the rat limb bud organ culture (17) and rat limb bud and brain micromass was developed in the eighties (18). An elegant nonvertebrate alternative model used regeneration of polyps of Hydra atUnuata from dissociated cells (19). Animal-free in vitro alternatives include those employing the proliferation of a human embryonic palatal mesenchymal cell line (20), the attachment of a mouse ovarian tumor cell line (21), and the differentiation of a neuroblastoma cell line (22) and a embryonal carcinoma cell line (23). Various overviews of methods have been published over the years (24). The predictability of... 

Therefore, a validation exercise with a variety of compounds with unknown mechanisms of developmental toxicity has only limited value if only used to derive an overall predictability rate of a single assay. It is more useful to elucidate the applicability domain of the assay in terms of the mechanisms of development covered, and to validate that aspect by testing compounds that do or do not affect the applicability domain. For single end point assays such as specific receptor activation assays, this exercise is relatively straightforward. For more complex assays such as those involving embryonic cell differentiation, the understanding of the applicability domain is more complex, as extensive research with the embryonic stem cell test has learned (27, 47). Whole embryo cultures are probably more straightforward in terms of applicability domain as they involve the entire embryo in a limited window of development, but such assays are complex and not animal free. 

The embryonic stem cell test is an animal-free alternative test method for developmental toxicity. Mouse embryonic stem cells are cultured in a hanging drop method to form embryoid bodies. These embryoid bodies, when plated on tissue culture dishes, differentiate to form contracting myocardial cell foci within 10 days. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte differentiation by test compounds serves as the end point of the assay, as monitored by cormting contracting muscle foci under the microscope. 

Banhegyi, G., Braun, L., Csala, M., Puskas, F., and Mandl, J., 1997, Ascorbate metabolism and its regulation in animals. Free Radio. Biol. Med. 23 793-803. 

Although there is a lack of information on the general toxicological effects of low-level, and suble-thal repeated exposures, there are studies on the behavioral effects of such exposures to nerve agents in animals free of observed signs of intoxication. These were conducted in an effort to determine whether behavioral studies can provide markers of early neurotoxicity that are more sensitive than neurochemical and neuropathological changes. 

Key words Chemical risk assessment, Toxicity testing, Alternative to animal experimentation, Animal-free, In vitro test systems, Systems toxicology... 

Natsch A, Emter R, Ellis G (2009) Filling the concept with data integrating data from different in vitro and in silico assays on skin sensitizers to explore the battery approach for animal-free skin sensitization testing. Toxicol Sci 107 106-121... 

The innovative chefs of New York City transcend the nation s culinary boundaries. You ll taste many foods here that you ve never tried before. Veganism has become a major consideration in New York s restaurant scene in recent years. Upscale, downscale and ethnic restaurants have experimented with different combinations of animal-free cuisine. New York s East Village is at the forefront of this food revolution. 

The Sacred Chow deli (522 Hudson St., b 212-337-0863) is an excellent place to pick up entrees for a holiday party. Dishes like the seitan roulade with chestnut pesto are offered to go by the pound. Everything is kosher, organic and completely animal-free. The deli can meet other dietary requirements, such as providing wheat-free, grain-free, fat-free, and dishes with no refined sweeteners on special order. 

Naked Earth is the sort of place that gets overlooked because of its casual nature. It s hard for a strict vegan restaurant to convince the public that animal-free cuisine can be tasty as well as politically correct. A taste of some of their sandwiches and desserts, though, could create some converts. 

At the initiation of the study, are the animals free of any disease or condition that might interfere with the purpose or conduct of the study ... 

Purchasing animals free of latent and overt clinical diseases, and providing adequate veterinary care to maintain their health. 

Alginate sponges Good cell-cell interaction Uses animal-free biomolecules Relatively easy to make Isolated spheroid cultures Co-cultures difficult Mass transfer barriers Degradable... 

Well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets are nutritionally adequate for all people in all stages of life, so long as care is taken to include adequate protein, iron, vitamin Bi2> omega-3 fatty acids, iodine, calcium, iron, and zinc—nutrients sometimes lacking In animal-free diets. 

Chem. Descrip. Mixed wheat germ oil, coconut oil soap Uses Surfactant for animal-free shampoo or skin cleanser Properties Liq, pH 9,0 40% cone,... 

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