Healthy Populations

Besides the static methods for the assessment of ascorbic acid concentration in body fluids, the determination of functional parameters which require ascorbic acid 

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Mild aggravation of symptoms in susceptible persons, with irritation symptoms in the healthy population. 

Di-D-fructose dianhydrides have been claimed to promote the growth of bifidobacteria in vitro.134 Bifidobacterium spp. are found in the large intestines of most vertebrates.135 The benefits attributed to the presence of a healthy population of bifidobacteria in the gut include inhibition of carcinogenesis,136 suppression of putrefactive substances,137 lowering of blood pressure and blood... 

MJ, Hernandez J, Ortiz M, Lozano J Sensitization to Anisakis simplex s. 1. in a healthy population. Acta Trop 2006 97 265-269. 

H25. Heinrich, J., Sandkamp, M., Kokott, R., Schulte, H., and Assmann, G., Relationship of lipoprotein(a) to variables of coagulation and fibrinolysis in a healthy population. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, NC) 37, 1950-1954 (1991). 

Carcinogenesis The risk of malignancies in cyclosporine recipients is higher than in the healthy population but similar to that in patients receiving other immunosuppressive therapies. 

Innovation in pharmaceuticals can sometimes be consistent with public goals in both economic and health sectors. To the extent that technological change improves health and if R D is conducted in the country, innovation promotes employment and income-increasing goals as well. Also, a healthy population is more likely to make for an economically productive workforce. 

Diagnostic specificity and sensitivity are analyzed by receiver-operator curves (ROC) using data obtained from defined healthy populations, patients with diseases other than the investigated ones, and patients with chnical relevance to the respective disease. 

Reference Intakes (DRIs). In the past, the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs), which are the levels of intake of essential nutrients that are considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons, were the primary reference value for vitamins and other nutrients. The DRIs also include other reference values, such as the estimated average requirement (EAR) and the adequate intake (AI). The RDA, EAR, and AI reference standards define nutritional intake adequacy. Since these recommendations are given for healthy populations in general and not for individuals, special problems, such as premature birth, inherited metabolic disorders, infections, chronic disease, and use of medications, are not covered by the requirements. Separate RDAs have been developed for pregnant and lactating women. Vitamin supplementation may be required by patients with special conditions and for those who do not consume an appropriate diet. 

In the early Christian Middle Ages, however, a tradition arose that had a beneficial impact on the mentally ill, despite the fanaticism and incitement of later centuries the tradition of mercy. Prayers were said for the possessed and the Church initially saw itself as a haven for the insane and epileptics also. Only in the eleventh century were some madmen considered to be envoys of the devil, to be combated by all available means in the fourteenth century there was a change to isolating the insane from the healthy population in lunatic asylums and madhouses. Therapeutic measures for those isolated in this way were superfluous at that time, especially as those who knew about herbs and poisons were often themselves suspected of being witches (Duerr, 1979). 

The amount of wine used for therapeutic purposes in the hospitals of pre-Revolutionary Russia exceeded its consumption per capita in the healthy population. The problems of alcohol therapy were most dramatic in pediatric practice often (itj was the doctor who gave children their first wine. (Sidorov 1995,244)... 

The increased used of vaccines has drawn attention to ethical issues associated with safety and the risk-benefit ratio in some cases has come under scrutiny. Vaccines are usually given to patients who are otherwise healthy and have a lower tolerance for risk. Adverse reactions are either quite common ( 10%) or very rare ( 0.0001%). The question of justifiable risk in a healthy population then becomes problematic and difficult to identify. 

To identify a justified risk in a healthy population requires clinical trials and if the risk is very low inordinate numbers of patients are required to identify issues. These become extremely expensive in practice and this is one reason why vaccines are subject to postlicencing and postmarketing surveillance for safety. 

The story is really about the Pink Spot of Schizophrenia. Many years ago, an observation was made in a biochemical laboratory on the East Coast that stirred up a rolling controversy. It had been found that if the urines of schizophrenic patients (sloppily called schizophrenic urines ) were extracted in such and such a way, and the extracts chromatographed, a pink spot would develop at a particular place on the chromatogram. Well, if this proved to be true with urines of a sick population, and were this proved to be different from the urines of a healthy population, it would constitute an objective diagnosis of schizophrenia. A simple chemical test to confirm a pathology that had defied all efforts to achieve consensus amongst the psychiatrists of the world. 

Thibult N, Papoz L. Effects of oral contraceptives on carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in a healthy population 190. 

In Japanese children with precocious puberty treated with leuprolide the time between the last injection and the median onset of menarche was 15 (range 3.6-63) months (25). The age at menarche was higher than that of the healthy population (13 versus 12 years). 

In view of the perceived benefit of aspirin in the secondary prevention of stroke and myocardial infarction, two large trials involving physicians as subjects were initiated to study the effect of aspirin in the primary prevention of arterial thrombosis. In the American study, 22,000 volunteers (age 40 to 84 years) were randomly assigned to take 325 mg of aspirin every other day or placebo. The trial was halted early, after a mean follow-up of 5 years, when a 45% reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction and a 72% reduction in the incidence of fatal myocardial infarction were noted with aspirin treatment. However, total mortality was reduced only 4% in the aspirin group, a difference that was not statistically significant, and there was a trend for a greater risk of hemorrhagic stroke with aspirin. Thus, the prophylactic use of aspirin in an apparently healthy population is not recommended at this time, unless there are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. 

Herron KL, Lofgren IE, Adiconis X, Ordovas JM, Fernandez ML. Associations between plasma lipid parameters and APOC3 and APOA4 genotypes in a healthy population are independent of dietary cholesterol intake. Atherosclerosis. 2006, 184 113-120. 

This chapter does not intend to thoroughly review and compile all studies published so far, but to discuss novel aspects in the search for novel markers related to CVD, risk, and progression markers, in and out of the renal disease context. Note that separate consideration is given to these two different scenarios CV risk in the healthy population and in the chronic renal disease patients as explained in the following sections. 

Other types of replication-deficient viral vectors that have been used in the gene therapy field include Herpes simplex viral (HSV) vectors that (1) are able to transduce nondividing cells and (2) are highly infective for neurologic tissue and vaccinia vectors. Vaccinia vectors in turn (1) are able to transduce nondividing cells and (2) have the ability to efficiently infect many types of cells. The primary safety concerns for HSV vectors are the potential for tropism to the CNS and the potential for latency and reactivation. Vaccinia vectors contain the same backbone as the smallpox vaccine, thus the available safety databases for vaccinia administration in humans consist primarily of preventive vaccination in a healthy population. Principal safety concerns with the use of vaccinia vectors include (1) their ability to replicate in humans and possibly... 

There is greater variability in the reference ranges for all white blood cell indices in patients with schizophrenia than in the healthy population (517). This suggests that abnormal hematological findings in patients with schizophrenia should be assessed in the context of a reference range specifically determined in patients with schizophrenia. 

Aluminium is an environmentally abundant element and has no known biological function in living cells. On the other hand, A1 exhibits biological toxicity as demonstrated in experimental models." " Intake and output of aluminium for the healthy population from various sources, biological monitoring of occupational aluminium exposure in serum and speciation analysis of the amount and composition of A1 species with high and low molecular masses, have been reviewed by several groups. Besides the use of mass spectrometric and non-mass spectrometric techniques (e.g., ETAAS after separation of human serum proteins ) ESI-MS-MS analysis has also been performed to identify the A1 species. 

Determination ofplasma, urine, or tissue concentrations ofvitamins and their metabolites. These methods depend on comparison of an individual or group with the population reference range, which is normally taken as the 95% confidence interval twice the standard deviation about the mean value. By definition, 5% of the normal healthy population win lie outside the 95% reference range. 

The lower acceptable intake will often be the intake of the 5th percentile of the healthy population, although a lower intake may be classified as acceptable... 

Similarly, upper acceptable intakes are defined on the basis of the intake of the 95th percentile of the healthy population, unless this is known to be above the toxic threshold higher intakes may stiU be within the acceptable range. 

Association of State and Territorial Directors of Nursing. (1999). Public health nursing A partner for healthy populations. Washington, D.C. American Nurses Association. 

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