Emulsion concentrate

Emulsives are solutions of toxicant in water-immiscible organic solvents, commonly at 15 ndash 50%, with a few percent of surface-active agent to promote emulsification, wetting, and spreading. The choice of solvent is predicated upon solvency, safety to plants and animals, volatility, flammabiUty, compatibihty, odor, and cost. The most commonly used solvents are kerosene, xylenes and related petroleum fractions, methyl isobutyl ketone, and amyl acetate. Water emulsion sprays from such emulsive concentrates are widely used in plant protection and for household insect control. 

The main purpose of pesticide formulation is to manufacture a product that has optimum biological efficiency, is convenient to use, and minimizes environmental impacts. The active ingredients are mixed with solvents, adjuvants (boosters), and fillers as necessary to achieve the desired formulation. The types of formulations include wettable powders, soluble concentrates, emulsion concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, water-dispersible granules, dry granules, and controlled release, in which the active ingredient is released into the environment from a polymeric carrier, binder, absorbent, or encapsulant at a slow and effective rate. The formulation steps may generate air emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes. 

Water is extensively used to produce emulsion polymers with a sodium stearate emulsifrer. The emulsion concentration should allow micelles of large surface areas to form. The micelles absorb the monomer molecules activated by an initiator (such as a sulfate ion radical 80 4 ). X-ray and light scattering techniques show that the micelles start to increase in size by absorbing the macromolecules. For example, in the free radical polymerization of styrene, the micelles increased to 250 times their original size. 

Formulations of tetraethyl pyrophosphate as an emulsive concentrate proved to be relatively complex, considering the apparent ease of formulation. Because of the unstable nature of the chemical, dust formulations were considered impossible. It was found after extensive research work that a dust which would be stable for 10 days to 2 weeks could be made with a specially selected and processed filler. 

Accounting for these five resistances in series—parallel, eliminating cloud and emulsion concentrations, and integrating from the bottom to the top of the... 

Effective Hamaker constant, 234 Emulsifying activity index, 186,188/ Emulsions, concentrated oil-in-water, effea of interdroplet forces on centrifugal stability, 229-245 Enhancers of taste. See Taste enhancers Enzymatic modification of soy proteins, 181-190... 

Problems with droplet concentration. It is necessary to use emulsion concentrations that are sufficiently dilute to prevent two or more droplets passing through the aperture simultaneously otherwise this will give particle sizes that are larger than expected. The upper particle concentration limit depends on the size of the aperture and the radius of the particles being examined (Lines, 1996). For example, the concentration should be less than 105 particles/ ml for a 100-pm aperture. 

Cloth Type and Treatment Chemical Emulsion Concentration of chemical on cloth (ug/cm2) Penetration to a-cellulose (ug/cm2)... 

Sample Number Emulsion Concentration Myzus Persicae Tetranychus Urticae Agrotis Ipsilon... 

Notes The emulsion concentration in practice was diluted with... 

Some agrochemicals are formulated as emulsifiable concentrates. Here active ingredients that are not very soluble in water are dissolved in a solvent that is, in turn, emulsified into the aqueous phase, either in the concentrate itself (an emulsion concentrate) or else upon dilution in the spray tank [865]. Some emulsion concentrates are designed so that when water is added to them they spontaneously emulsify to form an O/W microemulsion [225],... 

Uses As a preservative in photographic emulsions concentrated developers rapid drying and cleaning. 

Uses Isoprocarb is a colorless crystal. It is used as an insecticide for aphids, bugs, and leafhoppers that attack and infect crops such as rice, sugarcane, and cocoa. Formulations of isoprocarb include wettable powder, emulsion concentrate, and granules.1,2... 

Emulsion Solvent Evaporation The basic concept of the emulsion solvent evaporation technique producing nanoparticles is very straightforward. The particles are formed as an emulsion of a polymer-surfactant mixture and dispersed in an organic solvent. The solvent is then evaporated to leave behind the individual emulsion droplets which form stable free nanoparticles [203], This method is far easier and more preferable over methods such as spray drying and homogenization and operates under ambient conditions and mild emulsification conditions. The size and composition of the final particles are affected by variables such as phase ratio of the emulsion system, organic solvent composition, emulsion concentration, apparatus used, and properties of the polymer [204],... 

Temp. (°C) Emulsion Concentration %) Emulsion Injected (PV) Permeability Absolute Final Reduction (md) (md) (%) Flow rate (cc/min)... 

In most cases a defined chemical add-on is desired. In order to determine the pad solution or emulsion concentration of the finishing chemicals, an effective percentage wet pickup, wpu j, is calculated from Equation 2.8 ... 

In the second module, the aqueous phase transfers the metal to a second emulsion batch, and finally it is mixed with the effluent that enters the first membrane module. The second emulsion concentrates Cr in the back-extraction aqueous phase, and after the phase separation at the output, the organic phase is mixed with fresh back-extraction solution and returned to the same module. 

When mixed in equimolar proportions with a fatty acid, such as stearic acid or oleic acid, triethanolamine forms an anionic soap with a pH of about 8, which may be used as an emulsifying agent to produce fine-grained, stable oil-in-water emulsions. Concentrations that are typically used for emulsification are 2-4% v/v of triethanolamine and 2-5 times that of fatty acids. In the case of mineral oils, 5% v/v of triethanolamine will be needed, with an appropriate increase in the amount of fatty acid used. Preparations that contain triethanolamine soaps tend to darken on storage. However, discoloration may be reduced by avoiding exposure to light and contact with metals and metal ions. 

Concentration in fluid phase in emulsion Concentration at L Concentration in inlet gas Concentration in outlet gas Apparent heat capacity of emulsion... 

Naled is a fast acting, nonsystemic contact and stomach organophosphorus insecticide used to control aphids, mites, mosquitoes, and flies on crops and in greenhouses, mushroom houses, animal and poultry houses, kennels, food processing plants, and aquaria. Naled is also used in outdoor mosquito control. Liquid formulations can be applied to greenhouse heating pipes to kill insects by vapor action. It has been used by veterinarians to kill parasitic worms (other than tapeworms) in dogs. Naled is available in dust, emulsion concentrate, liquid, and ultra-low volume (ULV) formulations. 

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