Extracting agent

Extractive agent modifies Hquid-phase behavior (activity coefficients) of key components RCM must be of appropriate form for extractive distillation to work. 

Butyl Ether. -Butyl ether is prepared by dehydration of -butyl alcohol by sulfuric acid or by catalytic dehydration over ferric chloride, copper sulfate, siUca, or alumina at high temperatures. It is an important solvent for Grignard reagents and other reactions that require an anhydrous, inert medium. -Butyl ether is also an excellent extracting agent for use with aqueous systems owing to its very low water-solubiUty. 

Extraktions-anlage, /. extraction plant, -ap-parat, m. extraction apparatus, -dauer, /. time of extraction. -flUssigkeit, /. extraction liquid, liquid extract. -gef ss, n. extraction vessel, -hiilse, /. extraction shell or thimble. -kolben, m. extraction flask, -mittel, n. extracting agent, extraction solvent. -miihle,/. extraction mill, -rtickstand, m. extraction residue. 

Research should continue on traditional separation methods. For example, there is a continuing need for more selective extraction agents for liquid-liquid and ion-exchange extractions. High-temperature processes that use liquid metals or molten salts as extraction agents should have potential in nuclear fuel reprocessing and... 

Cochineal pigments are extracted from dried bodies of female insects with water or with ethanol the result is a red solution that is concentrated in order to obtain the 2 to 5% carminic acid concentration customary for commercial cochineal. For carmine lakes, the minimum content of carminic acid is 50%. An industrial procedure applied in Spain uses ammonium hydroxide as the extracting agent and phosphoric acid as the acidifying agent. For analytical purposes the extraction is carried out with 2 N HCl at 100°C. The chemical synthesis of carminic acid has also been reported and is the subject of European and United States patents. ... 

Shanker et al. [120] prepared bimetallic Au-core/ Ag-shell nanoparticles by the simultaneous reduction of Au(III) and Ag(I) ions in the presence of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth as an extracting agent. 

Amines are important industrial chemicals which are involved in everyday life [3, 4]. Apart from the usual classification into primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, the distinction is often made between lighf amines (less than six-carbon substituents) and fatty amines. light amines are intermediates for the synthesis of drugs, herbicides, cosmetics, etc. [3]. They also find use as vulcanization accelerators and extraction agents. Fatty amines are involved in the synthesis of corrosion inhibitors and cationic surfactants, which are used in ore flotation processes and are good fabric softeners and antistatic agents [4—6],... 

Raghavan, A., Coles, E. and Dietz, D., Cleaning excavated soil using extraction agents a state-of-the art review, J. Hazard. Mater., 26, 81-87, 1991. 

Several unit processes can be used in the washing process. The soil is mixed with washing agents and extraction agents that remove the contaminants from the soil and transfer them to the extraction fluid. The soil and washwater are then separated. The soil can be further rinsed with clean water. The soil is removed as clean product, ready to put back into the original excavation, and the washwater is ready to be treated by conventional wastewater treatment processes as addressed in the next subsection. 

It is used as an inert blanket, as a product-dispensing propellant and an extraction agent. It can also be used to displace air during canning. 

BUTENEX A process for separating several C4 components from C4 hydrocarbon streams by extractive distillation using Butenex, a proprietary extraction agent. Piloted by Krupp Koppers in 1987. Several plants were being engineered in 1994. 

Distex A family of extractive distillation processes used in the petroleum industry from 1940. In one such process, furfural is used as the extracting agent for separating butadiene from other C4 hydrocarbons. 

It was concluded from the data that MAE can be applied for the efficient extraction of carotenoid pigments from paprika powder, however the amount and composition of the extracted pigment depends considerably on the composition of the extracting agent [30],... 

It has been concluded from the data that the optimal extraction conditions are methanol-water (8 2, v/v) as extracting agent, boiling temperature and 15min extraction time [154],... 

The optimum conditions for the MS detection of anthocyanin derivatives have also been intensively studied. Grape skin extract was prepared by macerating skins with methanol-formic acid (95 5) for three days changing the extracting agent each day. The combined extracts were evaporated and diluted with water. RP-HPLC measurements were carried out in an ODS column (150 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 5 /an) at 30°C. The solvents were water-formic acid (90 10, v/v, A) and methanol-water-formic acid (45 45 10, v/v, B). The gradient was from 35 to 95 per cent B in 20 min to 100 per cent B in 5 min final hold... 

A different CE procedure was developed and applied for the determintion of Sunset yellow (E-110), Carmoisine (E-122) and Ponceau 4R (E-124) in ice cream. Dyes were extracted by mixing 10 g of ice cream with 30 ml of ethanol-cc.ammonia (95 5, v/v). The liquid phase was separated, filtered and the extraction step was repeated twice with 15 ml of extracting agent. 

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