Pentobarbital sodium

The ultra-short-acting barbiturates include methohexital sodium (Brevi-tal) and thiopental sodium (Pentothal). These agents are used as anesthetics and are administered intravenously. Barbiturates with short-to-intermediate duration of action are used for their sedative-hypnotic effect in the treatment of anxiety. These medications include amobarbital (Amytal), butabarbital (Butisol), sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal), and secobarbital (Seconal). 

Antidepressant Some animal models show antidepressant effects of lobelia extract (Subarnas et al. 1992). Similar to imipramine and mianserin, beta-amyrin palmitate shows antidepressant-like effects in the forced-swimming test (Subarnas et al. 1993a). Whereas mianserin and beta-amyrin palmitate reduce locomotor activity induced by methamphetamine, imipramine increases it. It potentiates sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep more potently than imipramine, but less than mianserin. Collectively, the effects of beta-amyrin palmitate in behavioral and physiological assays suggests it may work in a manner more similar to mianserin than imipramine. However, the mechanism of antidepressant-like effects of lobelia is uncertain. It may be through the beta-amyrin palmitate s ability to release norepinephrine (Subarnas et al. 1993b). An antidepressant effect of lobelia has not been established in humans. 

At least 1 week after their arrival, the rats are given atropine sulfate (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) and anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg i.p.) or isoflurane gas (5%). When necessary, supplemental doses of sodium pentobarbital are given or isoflurane gas is adjusted to maintain anesthesia. The rats are hydrated with 0.9% saline (3.0 cc, s.c.) and given penicillin (0.05 cc 1500 units, i.m.). 

After the completion of the in vivo microdialysis experiment, rats are euthanized with an overdose of sodium pentobarbital (100 mg/kg) and perfused intracardially with 0.9% saline followed by 10% formalin. The brains are extracted and stored in a 10% formalin solution until they are sectioned into slices (40-60 mm) consecutively through the guide cannula tract. The sections are mounted onto gelatin-coated glass slides and stained with thionin. An observer unaware of the rat s treatment or results verifies the cannula location for each rat. 

Another study of the effects of I on the cardiovascular systemic concluded that, in dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, the response of blood pressure to intravenous administration of I is a resultant of two separate effects a direct myocardial stimulation that was stopped with dichlorolsoproterenol and a stimulation of vascular smooth muscle that results in a slight increase in renal arterial pressure and a slight decrease in renal arterial flow. Neither atropine nor dichlorolsoproterenol affected these vascular effects. Injections of 1 into a jugular vein or a renal artery had no consistent effect on catecholamine concentrations in plasma taken from a femoral artery or a renal vein. In seven experiments in which I at 21-35 mg/kg was injected into a jugular vein, the mean blood pressure increased from 176/125 + 22/11... 

XXX, unlike X, was found to lower blood pressure and produce bradycardia In cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Partial... 

In cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, an intravenous dose of III at 25 mg/kg was found to be able to block almost comletely the cardiac response to stimulation of the peripheral right vagus nerve.121 Small doses (2-8 mg/kg) did not inhibit peristaltic activity in... 

Barbiturates amobarbital sodium pentobarbital sodium phenobarbital secobarbital sodium... 

Barbiturates, such as mephobarbital (Mebaral) and sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal), are used as preanesthetics, promoting sleep. 

At respective intervals as described above the monkeys were euthanized by lethal doses of sodium pentobarbital, the chest was opened, and intracardial perfusion of 0.51 ice-cold saline with heparin was performed, immediately followed by 2.51 of ice-cold solution of 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH = 7. The cranium was opened, and the brain was removed. 

Direct cardiac delivery into adults can be performed via the vector transfer procedure described by Ikeda et al. (2002). Briefly, animals are anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (75 mg/kg), and ventilated. The right carotid artery is then cannulated with a catheter placed at the aortic root. The animal is then placed under induced hypothermia until the body core temperature drops to below 26 °C. The ascending aorta and pulmonary arteries are occluded and histamine pre-treatment is delivered to the aorta (20 mmol/1, volume 2.5 ul/g, body weight) for 3 min. The vector solution is then injected, the occlusions released 30 s later and the animal is resuscitated. 

Preparation of Microsomal and Cytosolic Fractions. At the end of the 5 week period on experimental diets, all animals were killed via sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (120mg/kg body weight). The tissues were perfused in situ with ice-cold normal saline via the right ventricle of the heart, excised, trimmed free of connective tissue, minced, and washed thoroughly with ice-cold deionized water. The subcellular fractions of liver, lungs, kidneys, etc., were prepared as previously described (26). 

Among the drugs which are known to interact with barium, the barbiturates sodium pentobarbital and phenobarbital were found to have an increased depressive effect on the hearts of rats exposed to barium (Kopp et al. 1985 Perry et al. 1983, 1989). This hypersensitivity of the cardiovascular system to anesthesia was not observed in similarly treated animals that were anesthetized with xylazine plus ketamine. Results of the study indicated that the hypersensitivity was specific to the barbiturates and not a generalized effect of anesthesia (Kopp et al. 1985). 

Kopp SJ, Perry HM Jr, Feliksik JM, et al. 1985. Cardiovascular dysfunction and hypersensitivity to sodium pentobarbital induced by chronic barium chloride ingestion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 77 303-314. 

Mice are anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (65 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally). 

Kirihara et al. (2003) compared neurotoxicity of intrathecal and epidural lidocaine in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg i.p.) and 1.5% halothane. A catheter of stretched polyethylene tubing PE-10 was introduced into the subarachnoid or epidural space using an aseptic technique. Catheters were passed through the L4-L5 intervertebral space and advanced 1.3 cm in the caudal direction. Rats were allowed 4 days to rest for recovery from the operation. 

Rats are anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium and placed on a heating pad (37 °C). At the same time, the test solution or the vehicle (controls) is administered intravenously or intraperitoneally. Twenty-five min later, the animals receive another intraperitoneal injection of 12 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital to keep them in deep narcosis for 45 min. 

Anaesthetized mice (female, SKH-1, from Simonsen, injected intraperitoneally with sodium pentobarbital, 50 mg/kg body weight) were irradiated on one flank with light from the solar simulator. Mice were killed by cervical dislocation immediately after irradiation, and irradiated skin as well as control, non-irradiated skin from the contralateral flank were removed. Adhering fat and subcutis were gently scraped free and the samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen. 

SODIUM PENTABARBITONE SODIUM PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM PENTOBARBITONE SODILAI PENTOBARBITURATE SOLUBLE PENTOBARBITAL ... 

PRP and PPP preparation. If rats or mice are used, they are anaesthetized by an i.p. injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/Kg), and blood is drawn into heparin (5 units/ml final) or citrate/dextrose (final concentration 0.38% and 0.48% (wt/vol), respectively) anticoagulant from the dorsal aorta or by heart puncture, with a 22-gauge needle (the choice of heparin as anticoagulant appears to be more appropriate, because chelation of divalent cations by trisodium citrate or EDTA might affect platelet-tumor cell interaction). Blood is then diluted with an equal volume of 0.9% NaCl, and centrifuged for 7 min at 400 x g on preformed gradients of 70% Percoll containing 0.9% NaCl. The yellowish supernatant is the PPP, while PRP forms a white band between PPP and the percoll layer. Platelets in PRP are counted with a Coulter counter and diluted with PPP to a concentration of 10 /ml. PPP is a source of prothrombin, and should thus be included in the assay. 

Ellis and Krantz, using Macacus rhesus monkeys, administered 8 g. of mannitol per kilo of body weight by stomach-tube. Three hours later the animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and two or three portions of the liver were taken from different lobes of each animal for individual glycogen determinations. In four animals used as controls, the mean liver-glycogen value was 0.28 percent with mannitol, in six animals, the value was 0.53 percent. This is not a definitely significant increase considering the wide variations in the control values. Sorbitol under the same conditions gave a mean value of 0.72 percent. 

Representative Chemicals Amobarbital Apr-obarbital Butabarbital sodium Cyclobarbital Heptabarbital Hexobarbital Methohexital sodium Pentobarbital Secobarbital sodium Talbutal Thiamylal Thiopental sodium... 

C.J. Gomer, N. Hayashi, A.L. Murphree (1987). The influence of sodium pentobarbital anesthesia on in vivo photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol., 46(5), 843-846. 

BZ Type 1 and Type 2 receptors, initially defined on the basis of their different affinities for CL 218,872, have been further characterized in rat cerebellum and cerebral cortex. CL 218,872 preferentially displaced [ H]FLU from Type 1 receptors Type 1 receptor binding is stimulated in a chloride ion dependent manner by ImM sodium pentobarbital, while Type 2 sites remain relatively unaffected. ... 

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