Forced swim test

Chugh Y, Sankaranarayanan A, Sharma PL. 1992. A study on the mechanism of action of endosulfan using forced swimming test as a model. Bull Postgrad Inst Med Fduc Res Chandigarh 26 21-25. 

Skrebuhhova, T., Allikmets, L. Matto, V. (1999). 5-HT2A receptors mediate the effects of antidepressants in the elevated plus-maze test but have a partial role in the forced swim test. Med. Sci. Res., 27, 277-80. 

Zhang ZQ, Li Y, Ming Y, Luo ZP, Zhao YM. The effect of Morinda officinalis How, a Chinese traditional medicinal plant, on the DRL 72-s schedule in rats and the forced swimming test in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002 72 39-43. 

A recent study further supported the involvement of dopamine in the mechanism of antidepressants [82]. In this study, the antidepressant-like effect of citalo-pram, paroxetine, desipramine and imipramine in the mouse forced swim test (FST) was compared with and without dopamine depletion. It was found that lesioning with 6-OHDA did not affect the response of mice to desipramine and imipramine, whereas dopamine depletion abolished the antidepressant-like effect of citalopram and paroxetine. These results suggest that the antidepressant-like effect of SSRIs in the FST requires the activation of dopaminergic pathways. 

Antidepressant Some animal models show antidepressant effects of lobelia extract (Subarnas et al. 1992). Similar to imipramine and mianserin, beta-amyrin palmitate shows antidepressant-like effects in the forced-swimming test (Subarnas et al. 1993a). Whereas mianserin and beta-amyrin palmitate reduce locomotor activity induced by methamphetamine, imipramine increases it. It potentiates sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep more potently than imipramine, but less than mianserin. Collectively, the effects of beta-amyrin palmitate in behavioral and physiological assays suggests it may work in a manner more similar to mianserin than imipramine. However, the mechanism of antidepressant-like effects of lobelia is uncertain. It may be through the beta-amyrin palmitate s ability to release norepinephrine (Subarnas et al. 1993b). An antidepressant effect of lobelia has not been established in humans. 

In a manner similar to imipramine, an ethanol extract of valerian root was found to prevent immobility induced by a forced-swimming test in rats, suggesting a potential antidepressant effect of valerian (Sakamoto et al. 1992). 

Antidepressant effects Hypericum has been shown to have antidepressant effects in several animal models. An extract fraction high in naphthodianthrones showed antidepressant effects in the forced-swim test, and was attenuated by a dopamine antagonist (sulpiride) (Butterweck et... 

Subarnas A, Tadano T, Nakahata N, Aral Y, Kinemuchi H, Oshima Y, Kisara K, Ohizumi Y. (1993b). A possible mechanism of antidepressant activity of beta-amyrin palmitate isolated from Lobelia inflata leaves In the forced swimming test. Life Sci. 52(3) 289-96. 

Reddy DS, Kaur G, Kulkarni SK. (1998). Sigma (sigmal) receptor mediated antidepressant-like effects of neurosteroids in the Porsolt forced swim test. Neuroreport. 9(13) 3069-73. 

Wieland S, Lucki I. (1990). Antidepressant-like activity of 5-HTlA agonists measured with the forced swim test. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 101 4497-504. 

HTP precursor, 5HTP (effect preventable by 5HT1A Reversed withdrawal-induced immobility in forced swim test Mannucci et al. (2006)... 

Mannucd C, Tedesco M, BeUomo M, Caputi AP, Calapai G (2006) Long-term effects of nicotine on the forced swimming test in mice an experimental model for the study of depression caused by smoke. Neurochem Int 49 481 86... 

Behavioral alterations induced by stressful experiences frequently include increased anxiety-related behavior. Accordingly, anxiety has been hypothesized to play a role in stress-coping behavior (Ferre et al. 1994). The most regularly used tests for stress-coping behavior is the so-called forced swim test, which has been developed by Porsolt et al. (1977) as a behavioral paradigm to identify compounds with antidepressant efficacy in humans Mice or rats are forced to... 

Unpredictability also is a central feature in the concept of learned helplessness. This concept, using uncontrollable shock, was introduced by Overmier and Seligman (1967) and is based on the observation that animals exposed to an invariable stressor such as electric foot shock, which, due to the experimental set-up, is uncontrollable in nature, developed behavioral deficits. As first shown by Weiss (1968), rats exposed to uncontrollable shock showed significant weight loss due to decreased food and water intake. Moreover, these animals spent more time immobile in the forced swim test, and they revealed altered sleep patterns as well as a weakened response to previously rewarding brain stimulation, i.e., anhedonia (Henn et al. 1985 Weiss 1991). Importantly, these changes are not seen in animals that receive the same shocks but can exert control over their duration. 

West PA (1990) Neimobehavioral studies of forced swimming. The role of learning and memory in the forced swim test ProgNeimopsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14 863-875 WUlner P (1997) Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression a 10-year review and evaluation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 134 319-329 WUlner P, Muscat R, Papp M (1992) Chronic mUd stress-induced anhedonia a realistic animal model of depression. Neimosci Biobehav Rev 16 525-534 WUson JH (2000) A conspecific attenuates prolactin responses to open-field exposure in rats. Horm Behav 38 39-43... 

In the forced-swimming test, active escape periods alternated with periods in which the animals were completely inactive, or made only the movements necessary to keep their head above water. Tacl mice were more active in this test than animals they spent less time in immobihty. These animals... 

In humans, the antidepressant activity of NMDA receptor antagonists has not been evaluated extensively (Skohiick 1999). In animal models of depression, NMDA receptor antagonists have been reported to exert positive effects in most studies (Trullas 1997). This concerns mainly the forced swim test (Maj 1992 Moryl et al. 1993 PrzegaUnski et al. 1997) and stress-induced anhe-donia (Papp and Moryl 1994). Amantadine but not memantine was effective against reserpine-induced hypothermia (Moryl et al. 1993). In the forced swim test, both amino-adamantanes produced specific antidepressive-like activity (Moryl et al. 1993). 

Redrobe JP, Dumont Y, Fournier A, Quirion R (2002a) The neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor subtype mediates NPY-induced antidepressant-like activity in the mouse forced swimming test. Neiuopsychopharmacology 26 615-624 Redrobe JP, Dmnont Y, Quirion R (2002b) Neiuopeptide Y (NPY) and depression From animal studies to the hmnan condition. Life Sci 71 2921-2937 Redrobe JP, Dmnont Y, Herzog H, Quirion R (2003) Neiuopeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptors mediate behaviour in two animal models of anxiety evidence from Y 2 receptor knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 141 251-255... 

Stogner KA, Holmes PV (2000) Neuropeptide-Y exerts antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 387 R9-R10 Stout SC, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB (2002) Regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor neuronal systems and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity by stress and chronic antidepressant treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 300 1085-1092 StrOhle A, Jahn H, Montkowski A, Liebsch G, Boll E, Landgraf R, Holsboer F, Wiedemann K (1997) Central and peripheral administration of atriopeptin is anxiolytic in rats. Neuroendocrinology 65 210-215... 

Khisti RT, Chopde CT, Jain SP (2000) Antidepressant-like effect of the nemosteroid 3a-hydroxy-5a-pregnan-20-one in mice forced swim test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67 137-143... 

Animal behavioral models can be used to evaluate the effect of antidepressants on depression [Thiebot et al. 1992]. If TMS and ECT exert antidepressant effects by a similar mechanism, animal models for depression that are sensitive to electroconvulsive shock [ECS] should also be sensitive to TMS. ECS has effects on known animal models for depression. These effects may be displayed after recovery from the immediate effects of the convulsions [Thiebot et al. 1992]. We evaluated the effects of TMS on the forced swimming test and on apomorphine-induced stereotypy, a sensitive behavioral measure for the effects of repeated ECS. 

The forced swimming test model of depression is based on the hypothesis that the animal has lost the ability to escape an aversive situation [Thiebot et al. 1992]. Rats swim in a restricted area and after unsuccessful attempts to escape become gradually immobile [Porsolt et al. 1979]. The swimming-induced immobility is attenuated by most antidepressants [Thiebot et al. 1992], including ECS [Borsini and Meli 1988 Czyrak 1993 Kawashima et al. 1987]. 

Borsini F, Meli A Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing antidepressant activity Psychopharmacology 94 147-160, 1988 Borsini F, Lecci A, Mancinelli A, et al Stimulation of dopamine D2 but not Dj receptors reduces immobility time of rats in the forced swimming test implication for antidepressant activity. Eur J Pharmacol 148 301-307, 1988 Bouchard JM, Delaunay J, Delisle J-P, et al Citalopram versus maprotiline a controlled clinical multicenter trial in depressed patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 76 583-592, 1987... 

Cervo L, Rossi C, Samanin R The role of serotonin and dopamine in brain in the antidepressant-like effect of clonidine in the forced swimming test. Neuropharmacology 31 331-335, 1992... 

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