Photodynamic therapy in vivo

Giniunas, L., Rotomskis, R., Smilgevicius, V., Piskarskas, A., Didziapetriene, J., Bloznelyte, L., and Griciute, L. (1991) Activity of hematoporphyrin derivative photoproduct in photodynamic therapy in vivo, Lasers Med. Sci., 6 425-428. 

T.M. Sitnik, J.A. Hampton, B.W. Henderson (1998). Reduction of tumor oxygenation during and after photodynamic therapy in vivo effects of fluence rate. Br. J. Cancer, 77, 1386-1394. 

Z. Hua, S.L. Gibson, T.H. Foster, R. Hilf (1995). Effectiveness of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced portoporphyrin as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy in vivo. Cancer Res., 55, 1723-1731. 

Gollnick SO, Liu X, Owczarczak B, Musser DA, Henderson BW. Altered expression of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 as a result of photodynamic therapy in vivo. Cancer Res 1997 57 3904-3909. 

DeBruijn, H.S., van der Veen, N., Robinson, D.J., and Star, W.M., Improvement of systemic 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy in vivo using light fractionation with a 75-minute interval. Cancer Res., 59, 901,1999. 

Lilge L, Portnoy M, Wilson BC. Apoptosis induced in vivo by photodynamic therapy in normal brain and intracranial tumor tissue. Br J Cancer 2000 83 1110-7. 

The simplicity and robustness of the method makes it well suited to a number of practical analytical applications, such as sensitive noninvasive in vivo disease diagnosis, security screening and the quality control of pharmaceutical tablets. The concept is also potentially applicable to fluorescence spectroscopy, NIR tomography of turbid media and other general applications, where the enhanced coupling of laser radiation into a turbid medium is beneficial an example is the case of photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment of subsurface tissues. 

For the past 15 years we and many others have been investigating the application of photosensitization to the treatment of a wide variety of cancers in man. Several reviews of the clinical results have been published [1-4]. While this treatment has been referred to by many descriptions, the most commonly employed is photodynamic therapy (PDT), although the involvement of the type II photodynamic process in vivo, that is, generation of singlet oxygen by energy transfer from the sensitizer to oxygen, is inferred rather than proven (see below). 

Niedre, M., Patterson, M.S. and Wilson, B.C. (2002) Direct near-infrared luminescence detection of singlet oxygen generated by photodynamic therapy in cells in vitro and tissues in vivo, Photochem. Photobiol., 75 382-391. 

K. Adams, A.J. Rainbow, B.C. Wilson, G. Singh (1999). In vivo resistance to photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy in radiation-induced fibrosarcoma cells resistant to in vitro Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 49, 136-141. 

D. Lapointe, N. Brasseur, J. Cadorette, C. La Madeleine, S. Rodrigue, J.E. van Lier, R. Lecomte (1999). High-resolution PET imaging for in vivo monitoring of tumor response after photodynamic therapy in mice. J. Nucl. Med., 40, 876-882. 

Perotti, C., Fukuda, H., DiVenosa, G., MacRobert, A. J., Batlle, A. and Casas, A, 2004, Porphyrin synthesis from ALA derivatives for photodynamic therapy. In vitro and in vivo studies. British Journal of Cancer. 90, 1660-1665. 

Ziolkowski, R, Symonowicz, K., Milach, J., and Szkudlarek, X, In vivo tumor necrosis factor-a induction following chlorin eg-photodynamic therapy in Buffalo rats. Neoplasma, 44,192,1996. 

Photodynamic therapy refers to photodynamic action in vivo to destroy or modify tissue. Originally developed for treatment of various solid cancers, applications of it expanded to include treatment of precancerous conditions, e.g., actinic keratoses, high-grade dysplasia in Barrett s esophagus, and non-cancerous conditions, e.g., various eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). 

Kopelman R, Lee Koo Y, Philbert M, Moffat BA, Ramachandra Reddy G, McConville P, Hall DE, Chenevert TL, Bhojani MS, Buck SM, Rehemtulla A, Ross BD (2005) Multifunctional nanoparticle platforms for in vivo MRI enhancement and photodynamic therapy of a rat brain cancer. J Magn Magn Mater 293 404-410... 

Using similar methodology, 2,4,6-triarylselenopyrylium hexafluorophosphates were obtained and evaluated as in-vivo sensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer [226-229],... 

TaiUefer J, Brasseur N, van Lier JE, Ixnaerts V, Le Garrec D, Leroux JC (2001) In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of pH-responsive polymeric miceUes in a photodynamic cancer therapy model. J Pharm Pharmacol 53 155-166... 

Figure 5. Photobleaching of hematoporphyrin oligomers in vivo. F0 = initial fluorescence, F = average reading at various light doses (J/cm2). SMT-F = mammary tumor in DBA/2 mice. Reprinted with permission from T. S. Mang et al., Photo-bleaching of porphyrins used in photodynamic therapy and implications for therapy, in Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 45, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1987.

Patterson, M.S., Madsen, S.J., and Wilson, B.C. (1990) Experimental tests of the feasibility of singlet oxygen luminescence monitoring in vivo during photodynamic therapy, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol., 5 69-84. 

DeRosa, F.S., Marchetti, J.M., Thomazini, J.A., Tedesco, A.C., and Bentley, M.V. (2000) A vehicle for photodynamic therapy of skin cancer influence of dimethylsulphoxide on 5-aminolevuhnic acid in vitro cutaneous permeation and in vivo protoporphyrin IX accumulation determined by confocal microscopy, J. Control Release, 65 359-366. 

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