Femoral Artery

Finally, thrombolytic drugs are gaining acceptance in treating other types of arterial and venous occlusion. For example, thrombolytic therapy can help dissolve clots in peripheral arteries (femoral, popliteal, and so forth)56 these drugs can help resolve thrombus formation in the large veins (DVT).68 This treatment... 

Pharmacological Action. According to Curci, oxyacanthine in doses of 01 to 0-2 gm. produces in rabbits quick and laboured respiration, muscular tremors, clonic convulsions and cessation of respiration before the heart stops. Raymond-Hamet states that oxyacanthine hydrochloride in a dose of 10 mgm. injected into the femoral artery of a dog produced dilation of the blood vessels in the leg and general hypotension. 

Intermittent claudication is a group of symptoms characterized by pain in the calf muscle of one or both legp, caused by walking and relieved by rest. It is a manifestation of peripheral vascular disease, in which atherosclerotic lesions develop in the femoral artery, diminishing blood supply to the lower leg. Cilostazol is used to treat intermittent claudication. 

Percutaneous coronary intervention A minimally invasive procedure whereby access to the coronary arteries is obtained through the femoral artery up the aorta to the coronary os. Contrast media is used to visualize the coronary artery stenosis using a coronary angiogram. A guidewire is used to cross the stenosis and a small balloon is inflated and/or stent is deployed to break up atherosclerotic plaque and restore coronary artery blood flow. The stent is left in place to prevent acute closure and restenosis of the coronary artery. Newer stents are coated with antiproliferative drugs, such as paclitaxel and sirolimus, which further reduce the risk of restenosis of the coronary artery. 

Decreased intimal hyperplasia in femoral artery injury model seen with CCL2 deficiency. 

CCR2 deficiency results in decreased atherosclerosis in vessels of susceptible mice. 2. Decreased intimal hyperplasia in femoral artery injury model of atherosclerosis seen with CCR2 deficiency. CCR2 expression is increased in the monocytes of hypercholesterolemic patients. 

Cardiopulmonary support must be instituted and adjusted rapidly. Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring, continuous pulse oximetry, urine flow monitoring, and automated blood pressure recording are necessary. Peripheral or femoral arterial catheters may be used for continuous assessment of arterial pressure. 

Akishita M, Ouchi Y, Miyoshi H, Kozaki K, Inoue S, Ishikawa M, Eto M, Toba K, Orimo H (1997) Estrogen inhibits cuff-induced intimal thickening of rat femoral artery effects on migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 130 1-10... 

Nomura Y, Asano M, Ito K, Uyama Y, Imaizumi Y, Watanabe M 1997 Potent vasoconstrictor actions of cyclopiazonic acid and thapsigargin on femoral arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 120 65—73... 

Angioplasty may take between 30 minutes to 3 hours to complete. It begins with a distinctive dye that is injected into the bloodstream. A thin catheter is then inserted into the femoral artery of the leg, near the groin. The doctor monitors the path of the dye using x-rays. He moves the tube through the heart and into the plaque-filled artery. He inflates the balloon, creating more space, deflates the balloon, and removes the tube. It is important to note that the plaque has not been removed it has just been compressed against the sides of the artery. Sometimes, a stent may be implanted, a tiny tube of stainless steel that is expandable when necessary. Its function is to keep the artery open. 

An effect on blood pressure was shown in the study by Clark and Litchfield (1969) in which subcutaneous injections of PGDN to anesthetized rats at 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg resulted in a dose-related fall in mean arterial blood pressure (measured in the cannulized femoral artery) within 30 min with recovery over the next 12 h. The maximum drop in blood pressure correlated with the maximum concentration of PGDN in the blood. However, a drop in blood pressure did not occur in human volunteers who inhaled 0.5 ppm PGDN for 7.3 h. Rather, a mean elevation of diastolic blood pressure of 12 mm Hg was associated with severe and throbbing headaches (Stewart et al. 1974). A drop in blood pressure and decreasing stroke volume can result in brain ischemia, causing the dizziness and weakness reported by one subject after exposure at 0.5 ppm for 6 h in the Stewart et al. (1974) study as well as in occupationally exposed workers (Horvath et al. 1981). 

C. L. de Korte, G. Pasterkamp, A. F. van der Steen, H. A. Woutman and N. Bom, Characterization of plaque components with intravascular ultrasound elastography in human femoral and coronary arteries in vitro, Circulation, 2000, 102, 617-623. 

Bolus intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injections can be administered by a single person by securing the animal s arm through the cage bars (Mazue and Richez, 1982). For safety considerations, many investigators prefer to have the animal physically restrained by a second person before the injection is given. Arterial injections (via the femoral artery) as well as limited or continuous intravenous infusion (via catheterization of the femoral or jugular vein) are other less commonly used parenteral routes in the monkey. 

Figure 14.3 Integration plot of the initial uptake of [3H]adenosine by the retina after intravenous administration (A) and retinal uptake index (RUI) of [3H]adenosine and [3H]D-mannitol (B). A [3H]Adenosine (10 //.Ci/head) was injected into the femoral vein. B A test compound, [3H]adenosine or [3H]D-mannitol (10 //Ci/head), and a reference compound, [14C]n-butanol (0.1 //Ci/head), were injected into the common carotid artery in the presence or absence of 2 mM inhibitors. p < 0.05, significantly different from the control. Data from Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1758, Nagase et al., Functional and molecular characterization of adenosine transport at the rat inner blood-retinal barrier. 13-19, 2006, with permission from Elsevier.

Angioplasty may take between 30 minutes to 3 hours to complete. It begins with a distinctive dye that is injected into the bloodstream. A thin catheter is then inserted into the femoral artery of the leg, near the groin. The doctor monitors the path of the dye using x-rays. He moves the tube... 

The concentration difference is that between blood in the femoral artery and that in the femoral vein. The minus sign indicates release from the muscle. Data taken from Felig (1975). It is estimated that about 80 g of glutamine is released each day from skeletal muscle. 

Well-known medical conditions in which oxygen supply to muscles is reduced are an attack of asthma, emphysema or heart failure. However, probably the most common condition is atherosclerosis. If the femoral arteries are affected by atherosclerosis, ATP generation from fuel oxidation may not be sufficient to satisfy the energy requirements of even mild physical activity (e.g. walking) and rapidly... 

Moroi M, Akatsuka N, Eukazawa M, Hara K, Ishikawa M, Aikawa J, Namiki A, Yamaguchi T. (1994) Endothelium-dependent relaxation by angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors in canine femoral arteries. Am J Physiol 266 H583-H589. 

Blood pressure effects were recorded from cannulized femoral arteries in anesthetized rats after subcutaneous injection. Maximal falls in blood pressure occurred within 30 minutes of injection. Small responses were seen at the 5mg/kg level, but as the dose was increased marked hypotension occurred. 

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