Animal for using

Although other workers have prepared and used antisera in immuno-fiuorescence studies, confirmatory reports of the practicability of preparing antisera suitable for radioimmunoassays have not yet appeared. A considerable degree of cross-reactivity between species, both in the effects of administered hormone and in hormone-antibody interactions, appears to be a feature of most thyrocalcitonin preparations so far studied. Although this partial lack of species specificity should facilitate the development of antisera and of isotopically labeled hormone preparations from animals for use in immunoassays in man, it must also leave some doubt with respect to the specificity of such assays when applied to so complex a mixture as blood plasma. 

B. Specifications of animals for use in the manufacture or analysis and testing (including methods to breed and keep animals) (hereinafter referred to as "used animals"). 

B. Facilities to keep animals for use in manufacturing or testing after their inoculation with microorganisms. 

Public sector hatcheries may be designated for research and/or production. The former are often affiliated with academic institutions or state and federal agencies where they are used to answer scientific queries about a species and to acquire information about its fife-cycle and nutritional requirements. Public production hatcheries may also provide animals for restoration or enhancement stocking. The practice of using aquaculture to produce food has been around for 3(XX) years by comparison, the production of aquatic animals for use as a means to restore depleted populations or, more recently, ecosystems is a relatively new field. Enhancement production is typified by governmental fish hatcheries that raise and distribute... 

Subtraction of the heat increment of a food from its ME value gives the net energy (NE) value of a food. The NE value of a food is the energy that is available to the animal for useful purposes, i.e. for body maintenance and for various form of production (see Eig. 11.2). 

The effects of yohimbine on behaviour, which are characterised by the induction of anxiety in normal individuals and the activation of psychotic processes in schizophrenics [1061] are so marked that it has been suggested [1070] that yohimbine could be employed to provide a model anxiety state in animals for use in the screening of potential anti-anxiety drugs. Whether these central effects are in any way related to an antagonism between yohimbine and serotonin [1071-1077] is open to debate. Certainly the actual levels of serotonin in the brain are unaffected, although the content of noradrenaline is halved [1078, 1079]. 

Students should distinguish carefully between the animal charcoal used for decolorisation, and the wood charcoal which is used for absorbing easily liquefiable gases, and which is therefore used in gas respirators and also, when chilled in liquid air, for obtaining high vacua. 

Vacciaes can be administered through injections, orally, or by immersion. Injection is the most effective means of vaccinating aquatic animals but it is stressflil, time-consuming, and expensive. The time and expense may be acceptable for use in conjunction with broodftsh and other valuable animals. 

In the United States, more than 16.3 x 10 kg of human-inedible raw materials are available each year, and the rendering industry is a valuable asset in diverting these into valuable ingredients for use primarily in animal foods (4). The three largest meat packers are responsible for nearly four-fifths of aU red meat production (5) and enormous amounts of rendered meat meal and animal fat. Three broiler producers account for about 40% of the total broiler production. American Proteins, Inc. (RosweU, Georgia), the world s largest processor of poultry by-products, produces more than 450,000 t of poultry meal, feather meal, and poultry fat each year. It also produces more than 100,000 t of fish meal, fish oil, and fish products each year. Pish meal production worldwide in 1986 was estimated at 6.23 x 10 t, which with the 125 x 10 t of meat and bone meal plus 6.67 x 10 t of feather meal and poultry by-product meal (6) is the primary source of animal proteins used by the pet food industry. 

PVDE is a nontoxic resin and may be safely used in articles intended for repeated contact with food (190). Based on studies under controked conditions, including acute oral, systemic, subchronic, and subacute contact implantation and tissue culture tests, no adverse toxicological or biological response has been found in test animals (191,192). PVDE is acceptable for use in processing and storage areas in contact with meat or poultry products prepared under federal inspection and it complies with the 3-A sanitary standards for dairy equipment. 

Other Sweeteners. Two other sweeteners, sucralose and cyclamates, are approved for use outside of the United States. Sucralose, a chlorinated derivative of sucrose which is 500—600 times as sweet as sugar, has received limited approval in Canada, and petitions for its approval are pending in the United States and Europe (71). Cyclamate sweeteners, once available in the United States, but now baimed because they caused bladder cancer in animals, are stiU available in Canada and Europe. Table 7 gives several examples of nonnutritive sweeteners that have been developed. 

The 1993 market for LPC-type products in the United States was for dried alfalfa meal for animal feed. This product is sold for both protein and carotenoid content. The USDA Pro-Xan product attempts to obtain improved xanthophyU contents for use in egg-laying rations in addition to protein contents. The limitations to commercial development of LPC products for human food use are high capital costs as compared with the low yields of protein, seasonal availabihty of raw materials, and the need in the United States for FDA approval of the products. 

Lupine seed, though used primarily in animal feeds (see Feeds AND FEED ADDITIVES), does have potential for use in human appHcations as a replacement for soy flour, and is reported to contain both trypsin inhibitors and hemagglutenins (17). The former are heat labile at 90°C for 8 minutes the latter seem much more stable to normal cooking temperatures. Various tropical root crops, including yam, cassava, and taro, are also known to contain both trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, and certain varieties of sweet potatoes may also be impHcated (18). 

The Food, Dmg and Cosmetics Act defines a cosmetic as a substance intended to be mbbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise appHed to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance. A dmg is defined as an article intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or other animals, and articles intended to affect the stmcture or any function of the body of humans or other animals. 

Lindane is used predominately as a seed dressing and soil insecticide, for the control of ectoparasites of humans and domestic animals, for the control of locusts and grasshoppers, and as a residual spray to control the Anopheles vectors of malaria. Because of its relatively high volatility it is useful to control wood-boring insects of timber, fmit trees, and ornamental plants. The mode of action is not well understood but is thought to be competitive blocking of the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmitter of synaptic nerve transmission. 

Future Uses. The most recent uses for methanol can be found in the agricultural sector. Test studies are being carried out where methanol is sprayed directly onto crops to improve plant growth. Methanol can be used as a carbon source for the production of single-cell protein (SCP) for use as an animal feed supplement. The process has been commercially demonstrated by ICl at their BiUingham, U.K., faciUty. However, the production of SCP is not commercially practical at this time, in comparison to more conventional protein sources. 

The same principle has been appHed to other mammals, particularly ewes and goats, as well as dairy cows (Table 22 Table 22. Use of Milk-Producing Animals for Biotechnology... 

---