Solar simulator

Yokota, O. et al., Steam reforming of methane by using a solar simulator controlled by H20/ CH4 = 1/1, Appl. Organomet. Chem., 14,867,2000. 

More recently, metal halide lamps have been introduced that give a reasonable simulation of sunlight and offer very high irradiance with modest heat generation. They have mostly been employed in large solar simulation systems. 

Fig 7.8 Photocatalytic H2 evolution from an aqueous K2SO3 (0.25 mol/L)-Na2S (0.35 ml/L) solution (150 mL) under a simulated sun light irradiation over Pt (3.0 wt%)-loaded (AgIn)o,22Zni,56S2 solid solution heat-treated in a quartz ampule tube at 1123 K. Catalyst 0.3 g. solar simulator 300 W Xe short arc lamp with AM 1.5 filter. Reaction cell top window Pyrex cell. Irradiated area 33 cm Reprinted with permission from Ref. [165]. 

Figure 19.2 Spectral power distribution of UV radiation from a solar simulator (ORIEL) (SSUV) simulated solar zenithal UV (intense solar UVB domain) (DUV) simulated daily UV (attenuated solar UVB domain) (UVA) solar UVA (no UVB).

Emery KA, Osterwald CR (1986) Solar-cell efficiency measurements. Sol Cells 17 253 Matson RJ, Emery KA, Bird RE (1984) Terrestrial solar spectra, solar simulation and solarcell short-circuit current calibration - a review. Sol Cells 11 105... 

FIGURE 16.6 Spectral irradiation of unfiltered solar simulator compared to zero air mass solar spectral irradiance (adapted from Winer et al., 1979). 

Despite the hypothesis that the evolutionary significance of phototoxic secondary substances may be linked to their ability to discourage Insect herbivores, most research has been directed toward their effects on human skin and range animals (42). In an attempt to extend our knowledge of insect photosensitizers we have screened a number of plant secondary substances (TABLE TI) for their photosensitizing activity to 4th instar mosquito larvae Aedes atropalpus under solar simulating lamps. 

Gratzel et al. demonstrated a wide variety of organophosphorus pesticides, including paraoxon, parathion, and malathion, which possess aromatic side chains and/or sulfur atoms can be totally decomposed into carbon dioxide and the corresponding mineral acids by irradiation in a solar simulator in the presence of anatase TiO2 suspensions [41]. The balanced equation based on carbon dioxide evolution for the mineralization of parathion is represented by Eq. (6) ... 

Miller and Moran (1997) Coastal seawater Artificial (solar simulator) Bacterial protein production + 143%... 

Bano et al. (1998) Humic substances (wetland) Artificial (solar simulator) Bacterial biomass +242%... 

Solar Cells Panels Aerospace Components-Solar Cells Optoelectronic Products Solar Simulators Searchlight Systems... 

In a bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic cell with methanofullerene [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as an electron acceptor, alternating copolymer 19 (Fig. 9), derived from 2,7-fluorene and 2,5-dithienylsilole, can show impressive performance as the electron donor.31 In a device configuration of ITO/PEDOT/active layer/Ba/Al, the dark current density—bias curve shows a small leakage current, suggesting a continuous, pinhole-free active layer in the device. Under illumination of an AM 1.5 solar simulator at 100 mW/cm2, a high short-circuit current of 5.4 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.7 V, and a fill factor of 31.5% are achieved. The calculated energy conversion efficiency is 2.01%. 

The handsheets impregnated with quinone model compounds were photolyzed in an Oriel 1000 W Solar Simulator. The Solar Simulator uses a xenon arc lamp to simulate the solar spectrum and was fitted with an air mass 1.5 global filter to model the average wavelength distribution of solar irradiation in the continental United States. An exhaust fan provided air circulation to minimize heating of the sample. The spectral distribution of the solar simulator is approximately equivalent to natural sunlight. 

Fuchs, J. and Kern, H., Modulation of UV-hght-induced skin inflammation by D-alpha-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid a clinical study using solar simulated radiation, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 25, 1006, 1998. 

Humic Satilla River water Solar simulator, 4 h = mid-June sun at 34oN 0.1 0.011 0.25 Not measured Gao and Zepp (1998)... 

---