Animal Foodstuffs

Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics with activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that have been widely used for the treatment of infectious diseases in veterinary and human medicine, as well as additives in animal foodstuffs. Normally tetracyclines are not found at high levels in the environment because they readily precipitate with cations such as calcium and are accumulated in sewage sludge or sediments [3,20,26]. 

On the other hand, defluorinated phosphate rock is utilized as an animal feed ingredient. Defluorinated phosphoric acid is mainly used in the production of animal foodstuffs and hquid fertilizers. Finally, sodium phosphates, produced from wet process acid as the raw material, are used as intermediates in the production of cleaning compounds. 

Plants and animals synthesize a number of polymers (e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids) by reactions that almost always require a catalyst. The catalysts present in living systems are usually proteins and are called enzymes. Reactions catalyzed by enzymes are called enzymatic reactions, polymerizations catalyzed by enzymes are enzymatic polymerizations. Humans benefit from naturally occurring polymers in many ways. Our plant and animal foodstuffs consist of these polymers as well as nonpolymeric materials (e.g., sugar, vitamins, minerals). We use the polysaccharide cellulose (wood) to build homes and other structures and to produce paper. 

Much attention has been given to the use of antibiotics in food-associated applications since the introduction of penicillin in the 1940s. Their use has been limited. The use of antibiotics in animal foodstuffs continues to remain a topic of controversy in many countries in other countries they have been banned, Antibiotics carry into the meat produced and further into human diets, thus possibly reducing their effectiveness in the treatment of human diseases. 

Lignocellulosics are the most abundant renewable organic materials in the biosphere. They account for approx 50% of the total biomass in the world, with an estimated annual production of 1-50 x 1091 (4). Lignocellu-losic materials, particularly the residues obtained from wood processing, are usually much cheaper than sugar- and/or starch-derived feedstock, such as sugarcane and corn. They also have no competitive use as human or animal foodstuffs. 

Grace G. In Applewhite TH, ed. Proceedings of the World Congress on Vegetable Protein Utilization in Human Foods and Animal Foodstuffs. Champaign, IL American Oil Chemists Society 1989. 

Law L 794.1 created the Agency of Health Safety of Foods under the control of the Ministers of Health, Agriculture and Food. The Agency deals with health and safety issues relevant to foodstuffs and materials entering the food chain. It evaluates the health and nutritional risks of products destined for human or veterinary use, animal foodstuffs, veterinary products and health foods. 

Selenium enters the food chain mainly as selenomethionine from plants that take the element up from the soil but do not appear to use it. The soil content of selenium is highly variable and can be low in volcanic soils when soluble salts are leached out by ground water. Soils in parts of China and New Zealand are particularly low in selenium. Acid soils, where insoluble selenium complexes can be formed with iron and aluminum, occur in some parts of Europe, resulting in low available soil selenium. The geographical source of plant and animal foodstuffs determines the level of dietary intake. In the United States and Canada, wheat and other cereal products are a good source of selenium average intakes in North America range from 80 to 220 fig Se per day, whereas in the UK dietary intake is about 30 to 60 Llg/day. Intakes in China are as low as 11 lg/day and in New Zealand 28 fig/day. ... 

S. pasteuri - Humans, animals, foodstuffs Chesneau et al. 1993a... 

Animal foodstuffs supply two-thirds and more of the iodine, selenium, and zinc intakes (Table 4.14). Beverages contribute a relatively high share (10%) to iodine consumption, but only 5% to selenium and zinc intakes. The majority of the heavy metals (iron, nickel, molybdenum, copper, manganese) is provided by vegetable foodstuffs, and partly by beverages. Approxi-... 

Element Animal foodstuff Vegetable foodstuff Beverages... 

Animal foodstuffs deliver 74% of iodine, 72% selenium, and 62% lithium intake in humans, while vegetables supply the highest amounts of cadmium (74%), molybdenum (70%), aluminum (70%), potassium (62%), strontium (58%), barium (57%), arsenic (57%), and the lowest amounts of iodine (16%) and lithium (25%). 

Animal foodstuffs, with the exception of unsalted butter, naturally contain much more sodium than unsalted vegetable foodstuffs. Curd is relatively sodium-poor. Most of the sodium contained in milk leaves the curd with the whey. Cheese (7000-28000 mg kg DM of sodium) and sausage obtain their high sodium concentrations through NaCl-supplementation. As with breast milk, the sodium concentration of infant formulas is lower in sodium than cows milk, and covers the sodium requirement of babies (Harzer and Haschke 1989, Baranowski 2000). Fresh trout store only 4000 mg kg DM of sodium, while smoked (and salted) trout contains 18000mgkg f Marine fish deliver between 6000 and 29000 mg kg DM of sodium to the food chain. By comparison, salted herring contain huge amounts of sodium, perhaps 100 g Na or 250 g NaCl kg DM. 

In toto, animal foodstuffs are relatively poor in potassium (Table 1-3.11) compared to... 

Tab. 1.3-12 Contribution %) of vegetable foodstuffs, animal foodstuffs and beverages to the potassium intake of adults with a mixed diet...

In fact, beverages account for 45% of the rubidium intake of women and men with mixed diets in Europe, followed by vegetable foodstuffs (34%) and animal foodstuffs (21%) (Anke and Angelow 1995). 

It is mainly due to a lack of mineral additives that animal foodstuffs produced under ecological conditions are poorer in manganese content than those produced conventionally (Anke et al. 1999a). 

The molybdenum content of hen s eggs is strongly influenced by the hen s molybdenum intake. Analogously, this applies to all animal foodstuffs. 

Vegetable foodstuffs supply much more molybdenum to the diet than do animal foodstuffs. People with mixed diets from rural regions of Mexico (chalk and basalt for-... 

The major suppliers of titanium for vomen and men were vegetable foodstuffs (bread 16 and 20%, peeled potatoes 11 and 10%, fruits 12 and 8%, and vegetables 9 and 7%, respectively). In total, these foods contributed 64% and 59% of the titanium intake by women and men, respectively. Animal foodstuffs contributed 24 and 30% of the titanium intake of women and men, respectively (sausage 11 and 17%, meat 9 and 9%, respectively). Beverages supplied 12 and 11%, respectively (Anke et al. 1996b). 

The greatest contributors of iodine to humans of both sexes and eating a mixed diet are animal foodstuffs ( 75%), vegetable foodstuffs ( 15%) and beverages (10%) (Table 9-4.14). In 1996, eggs delivered 24% and dairy products 21% of the iodine intake (Anke et al. 2004). The iodination of industrially used salt, and its use by bakers, butchers and the preserves industry, may alter the percentage of iodine supplies. 

Agriculture (chapter 10). Ground limestone is widely used to raise the pH of acid soils. In most countries, it has largely replaced waste quicklime for this purpose. It is also used in fertilisers and animal foodstuffs. 

GL27 outlines the risk of transfer of resistant microorganisms or resistant determinants from animal foodstuffs to humans GL36 outlines the methods and test systems for determination of the microbiological NOEL Eor some antimicrobial drug classes (e.g., p-lactams), immunotoxicity tests are required... 

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