Salt substitute, sodium

Table 8 1 illustrates an application of each of these to a functional group transfer matron The anionic portion of the salt substitutes for the halogen of an alkyl halide The metal cation portion becomes a lithium sodium or potassium halide... 

Description of Method. Salt substitutes, which are used in place of table salt for individuals on a low-sodium diet, contain KCI. Depending on the brand, fumaric acid, calcium hydrogen phosphate, or potassium tartrate also may be present. Typically, the concentration of sodium in a salt substitute is about 100 ppm. The concentration of sodium is easily determined by flame atomic emission. Because it is difficult to match the matrix of the standards to that of the sample, the analysis is accomplished by the method of standard additions. 

Sodium is a common contaminant found in many chemicals. Reagent grade KCI, for example, may contain 40-50 ppm sodium. This is a significant source of sodium, given that its concentration in the salt substitute is about 100 ppm. 

What is the concentration of sodium, in parts per million, in the salt substitute ... 

The concentration of sodium in the standard addition samples is determined from the absolute value of the x-intercept (see Figure 5.7b) thus, substituting zero for the emission intensity gives the concentration of sodium as 1.44 ppm. The concentration of sodium in the salt substitute, therefore, is... 

A AlI lation. 1-Substitution is favored when the indole ring is deprotonated and the reaction medium promotes the nucleophilicity of the resulting indole anion. Conditions which typically result in A/-alkylation are generation of the sodium salt by sodium amide in Hquid ammonia, use of sodium hydride or a similar strong base in /V, /V- dim ethyl form am i de or dimethyl sulfoxide, or the use of phase-transfer conditions. 

Salt Substitutes. As a result of concern about the relationship between dietary sodium and hypertension, some salt producers and food companies have developed salt substitutes or low sodium products. Mixtures of sodium chloride and potassium chloride, herbs and spices, as well as modified salt crystals of lower density are marketed in response to a limited consumer demand for reduced-sodium products. This amounts to about 2% of user salt purchases. 

Regioseleetive syntheses of members of the 2- (41) and 4-series (40) are aehieved by nueleophilie substitution of 2- or 4-halo- or -methoxy/phe-noxypyridinium salts with sodium eyelopentadienide (60JA3793, 60MI253 63JCS253 64TL3087) (Seheme 13). 

Ethyl o-nitrophenylpyruvate and o-nitrophenylpyruvic acid 14-21 have been prepared by condensation of o-nitrotoluene with diethyl oxalate in the presence of potassium ethoxide,4 14 sodium ethoxide,16-20 or sodium methoxide.21 Sodium ethoxide is less reactive, however, and cannot be substituted successfully for potassium ethoxide in the present procedure, as it gives a very poor yield and poor quality of precipitated sodium salt. With sodium ethoxide the reaction does not appear to go to completion even under the conditions of refluxing ethanol usually employed,16-21 which are considerably more severe than the room temperature conditions employed with potassium ethoxide in the present procedure. o-Nitrophenylpyruvic add has also been prepared by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of o-nitro-a-acetamino-dnnamic azlactone.4... 

High levels of sodium in the diet are linked to high blood pressure. Doctors often recommend that individuals who need to lower their blood pressure limit their sodium intake, but the sodium in table salt is a big part of most people s diets. They can turn to salt substitutes instead. 

The hydrophobicity index is also suitable for correlating the cM values of various substituted sodium alkane 1-sulfonates [68]. The perfluoroalkyl substituent, e.g., 8 17 has a pronounced hydrophobic effect (/ = 1.66 at 75°C, sodium salt), whereas the hydrophilic disulfonates have values distinctly below 1 (for a-disulfonates, / = 0.75 was derived [70]). Further, it was somewhat surprisingly shown that substituents like 1-hydroxymethyl, 3-hydroxyethoxy, or even the hydroxyethoxyethoxy groups have hydrophobic effects. 

Potassium chloride, 11 122 12 67 20 611-625. See also KCl-langbeinite ore chemical grades of, 20 62It compaction of, 20 621-625 corrosive effect on iron, 7 806 electrolysis of, 20 633 encapsulated, 16 453 froth flotation of, 20 615-616 mining, 20 613-615 refining, 20 615-621 as salt substitute, 22 819-820 separation from sodium chloride, 20 622 therapeutant for aquaculture in U.S.,... 

In recent years much attention has been paid to the synthesis of benzomorphane heteroanalogs in which a benzene ring has been replaced by a heteroaromatic one. Syntheses of substituted thieno[3,2-/]morphanes (derivatives of thieno[2,3-d]-azocine) described in Ref. 75JHC651 consists of the condensation of cyanopyri-dines 120 with 2-thienyllithium, reduction of the resulting ketones into thienylmethylpyridines, quaternization and reduction of the quaternary salts with sodium borohydride to form piperidines 124 and 125. Intramolecular cyclization of the latter leads to the formation of thieno[2,3-d]azocines 126 (Scheme 34). 

Lithium has been used clinically for many years in the treatment of mania (Dl, S27), and latterly as a prophylactic in recurrent depression (Bl, B2, CIO, H16). For a short while, about 1948, lithium salts were sold as a common salt substitute for patients on low sodium intake diets, but its high toxicity, culminating in a number of deaths, led to its discontinuance for this purpose. 

The dibenzopyranone ring system may be viewed as a chromone with an additional fused benzene ring and thus generally related to the antiasthmatic mediator release inhibitor cromolyn (see Chapter 11). Two dibenzopyranones have in fact been investigated for this indication in the clinic. Friedel-Crafts cyclization of the substituted cresyloxybenzoic acid (2-1) in sulfuric acid leads to the dibenzopyranone (2-2). The methyl group is then oxidized to a carboxylic acid by means of chromic acid. The acid is then converted to its sodium salt, xanoxate sodium (2-3) [2]. 

A more convergent synthesis of frovatriptan using the methylamino-substituted cyclohexanone equivalent 75 is shown in Scheme 25.° The mono-ketal of 1,4-cyclohexanedione (74) was treated with methylamine in ethanol and then hydrogenated to give 75 as an oil, which was converted to the hydrochlonde salt. The hydrazine of 76, formed in situ by treatment with sodium nitrite followed by reduction of the diazonium salt with sodium dithionite, was reacted with 75 and additional concentrated HCl at 70 °C to deliver racemic frovatriptan (rac-6). 

Salt-free table-salt substitutes contain potassium chloride in place of sodium chloride. Caution is advised in using these products, however, because excessive quantities of potassium salts can lead to serious illness. Furthermore, sodium ions are a vital component of our diet and should never be totally excluded. For a good balance of these two important ions, you might inquire about commercially available half-and-half mixtures of sodium chloride and potassium chloride, such as the one shown here. 

As is true for other classes of aromatic nucleophilic substitution, the halogen displacement can frequently be catalyzed by copper or copper(I) salts. Using sodium hydride as the base and copper(I) iodide as catalyst, a series of o-bromophenylethylamine derivatives, including both amides and carbamates, have been cyclized. Oxidation to the indole can be effected with manganese dioxide (81JCS(P1)290). 

The reaction of substituted pyrylium salts with sodium borohydride yields pyrans, but again attack at C-2 and subsequent ring opening of the resulting 2//-pyran are observed (62T257). Yields of the 4//-pyran are highest when C-4 is unsubstituted. 

On photolysis or thermolysis of the peri-methylmercapto-substituted sodium salt of a-naphthaldehyde tosyl hydrazone 77 or diazomethyl-naphthalene 78, 2//-2-methylnaphtho[frc]thiophene 80 (83JA6096) is formed in 20% yield. Ylid 79 may be a predecessor of thiophene 80. In... 

Substitutions Sodium chloride is simply common table salt. However, in the United States, it is almost always mixed with iodine and the iodine is variable in nature and amount. Therefore, if you wish to buy your sodium chloride from your grocer, use Kosher salt, which is not iodized. 

Substituting sodium carbonate will give a more neutral print tone, and more pleasing color with some papers. Use 23-4 and 31.5 grams, respectively, of monohydrate in place of the potassium salt. 

Reductive coupling of iodonium salts catalysed by a palladium-zinc system also produced biaryls in good yield [38]. Also very effective was the palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of iodonium salts with sodium tetraphenylborate in water [39]. The reaction of 3-indolyl phenyliodonium trifluoroacetate with several alkyl and aryl lithium reagents gave 3-substituted indoles [40] ... 

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