Semisolids

Cleaning flasks. Flasks, specially distilling flask are really dirty, with a brown black semisolid tar. It s easy to clean them. Make a 25 % or stronger NaOH solution (from drugstore, of course), put it in the flask and heat, till boiling if necessary, all tar go out easy. Use gloves, please. 

Natural resins are generally described as solid or semisolid amorphous, fusible, organic substances that are formed in plant secretions. They are usually transparent or translucent yeUow-to-brown colored, and are soluble in organic solvents but not in water. The principal uses for natural resins are in varnishes, printing inks, adhesives, paper size, and polymer compositions. The term natural resins includes tree and plant exudates, fossil resins, mined resins, and shellac. They often have been altered from their original state during isolation and processing. For some appHcations, the resins have been chemically modified to increase their industrial utiUty. 

Disposal The final func tional element in the sohd-waste-management system is disposal. Disposal is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are wastes collected and transported direc tly to a landfQl site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from industrial treatment plants and air-pollution-control devices, incinerator residue, compost, or other substances from various solid-waste processing plants that are of no further use. 

Sohd wastes, as noted previously, include all sohd or semisolid materials that are no longer considered of sufficient value to be retained in a given setting. The types and sources of solid wastes, the physical and chemical composition of sohd wastes, and typical solid-waste generation rates are considered in this subsection. 

Treatment-plant wastes. The solid and semisolid wastes from water, wastewater, and industrial waste-treatment facilities are included in this classification. 

The resin is a semisolid and must be used either in solution form or as blends. 

A number of types of bituminous material exist and terminology is still somewhat confusing. The term bitumens in its widest sense includes liquid and solid hydrocarbons but its popular meaning is restricted to the solid and semisolid materials. The bitumens occur widely in nature and may be considered to be derived from petroleum either by evaporation of the lighter fraction under atmospheric conditions or by a deeper seated metamorphism. The purer native bitumens are generally known as asphaltites and include Gilsonite, extensively used for moulding, which occurs in Utah. 

The residual crude cyanamide remaining after evaporation of the ethereal extracts (which need not be dried previously) is dissolved readily in the appropriate volume of cold water. A small quantity of water-insoluble oily or semisolid by-products is removed by shaking the solution with carbon and filtering the liquid through a small ordinary filter, followed by rinsing with a few milliliters of water. The clear filtrate is suitable for the subsequent operation. 

The chloropyruvic acid prepared in this manner is satisfactory for use in the next reaction without purification. It often crystallizes to form a waxy solid or semisolid which is quite hygroscopic. I hc pure anhydrous material is rei)orted to melt at 45°, while the inonohydrate obtained l)y other melhods melts at 57 58°. The chloropyruvic acid is normally uscci immediately,... 

A-Homo-5a-cholestan-4-one (3b). A solution of sodium nitrite (2 g) in water (100 ml) is added over 1 hr to a stirred solution of 3-(5 -spiro-2, 2 -dimethyloxazolidinyl)-5a-cholestane (7 4.58 g) in aqueous 10% acetic acid (800 ml), maintained at 0-5° for 3 hr and the mixture is then allowed to stand overnight. The reaction mixture is neutralized with 10% sodium hydroxide solution and the resulting white suspension is extracted with ether. The ether extracts are washed with water, dried and concentrated to give a semisolid residue which is converted to the semicarbazone by warming in methanol solution (ca. 65 ml/g) with an excess of methanolic semicarbazide-acetate solution. The precipitate of semicarbazone is recrystallized from ethanol to give a white powder mp 239-241°. A solution of hydrochloric acid (50 ml) in ethanol (450 ml) is added to the semicarbazone and the mixture is heated at reflux for 1 hr. The clear solution is diluted with water (250 ml) and the... 

Flocculation and sedimentation arc two processes used to separate waste streams that contain both a liquid and a solid phase. Both are well-developed, highly competitive processes, which arc oflcii used in the complete treatment of waste streams. They may also be used instead of, or in addition to, filtration. Some applications include the removal of suspended solid particles and soluble heavy metals from aqueous streams. Many industries use both processes in the rcmowal of pollutants from their wastewaters. These processes work best when the waste stream contains a low concentration of the contaminating solids. Although they are applicable to a wide variety of aqueous waste streams, these processes arc not generally used to treat nonaqueous or semisolid waste streams such as sludges and slurries. 

Finally, the extraction of solid or semisolid masses into solvents can be carried out by use of a Soxhlet extractor (Fig. A3.1 lb). The. .ample is placed in a porous cup in the extractor. The boiling solvent condenses into the cup and accumulates until a siphon column is established in the adjacent tube. Then the saturated solvent returns to the boiling flask and fresh solvent distills again, repeating the process. 

Fest-stellung, /. establishing, etc. (see feststellen) statement, -stern, m. fixed star, -stoffgehalt, m. solid content (s). Festungsachat, m. fortification agate, festweich, a. semisolid. 

Halb-erzeugnis, -fabrikat, n. intermediate product, semimanufacture. -fertigwaren, /.pi. semifinished goods, halb-fest, a. semisolid semifixed semipermanent. -fett, a. Coal) semibituminous (of oil varnish) medium, -flachig, a. Cryst.) hemihedraL... 

The chloroform solution of the hydrochloride was dried over anhydrous calcium sulfate, and evaporated to dryness, leaving a semisolid residue of product ester hydrochloride. 

The reaction product mixture is a homogenous solution having a pH of about 6. It is evaporated under vacuum to a semisolid residue. To the residue are added 35 ml of water and a few drops of triethylamine to raise the pH to 8. The aqueous solution obtained thereby is extracted successively with 50 ml and 35 ml portions of ethyl acetate, the pH being adjusted to 2 at each extraction with hydrochloric acid. The extracts are combined, filtered, dried over sodium sulfate, stripped of solvent, and evaporated under vacuum. The product is 7-(N-carbobenzoxy-D-o -aminophenylacetamido)cephalosporanic acid in the form of a yellow-white amorphous solid weighing 1.10 g. 

A mixture of 5.0 g of 3-chloro-5-(3-chloropropyl)-10,11 -dihydro-5H-dibenz(b,f)azepine, 5.0 g of 4-carbamoyl-4-piperidinopiperidine and 50 mi of dimethylformamide is heated at 100°C for 10 hours. The solvent is distilled off. After the addition of a 2% sodium carbonate solution to the flask, the content is scratched to yield a semisolid, which is dissolved in 50 ml of isopropanol. A solution of 5 g of maleic acid in 50 ml of isopropanol is added, and the precipitate is collected by filtration and recrystallized from isopropanol to give 5.6 g of crystalline 3-chloro-5-[3-(4-carbamoyl-4-piperidino-piperidino)propy I] -10,1 l-dihydro-SH-dibenz-Ib.fjazepine dilhydrogen maleate) with 1/2 molecule of water of crystallization melting at 181°C to 183°C. 

The oil wes extracted with ether, the ether solution dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then filtered. Dry hydrogen chloride was passed into the ether solution and a semisolid mass, which crystallized after scratching, separated therefrom. The crude N-(j -pyrrolidino-ethyD-phenothiazine was separated from the ether and, after two crystallizations from isopropanol, 17.0 g of desired product, melting at 196°C to 197°C (uncorr.), was obtained. 

A mixture of 4-carbamoyl-4-N-anilinopiperidine and formamide is heated for 12 hours at 170°C. After cooling, the reaction mixture is divided between 100 parts water and 900 parts chloroform. The organic layer is separated, dried over MgSO, filtered and the filtrate is evaporated. The semisolid residue is stirred in ethyl acetate. The undissolved part is filtered off, washed with ethyl acetate, and dried, yielding 1-oxo-4-phenyl-2,4,8-triazaspiro-(4.5)decane. 

Atterberg-limit tests determine the water content influence in defining liquid, plastic, semisolid and solid states of fine-grained soils. Permeability tests may be carried out in the laboratory or in the field. Such tests are used to determine the hydraulic conductivity coefficient k. ... 

These are semisolid or solid substances formed in nature from crude oils after the volatile components have evaporated and the remainder has undergone oxidation and polymerization. They are also referred to as bitumens, waxes, and pitch. These materials are believed to consist of mixtures of complex organic molecules of high molecular weight. As with crude oils, which contain thousands of different chemical compounds, an exact chemical analysis for identification and composition is impractical to perform on the solid deposits of petroleum. 

At this stage the product is a waxy semisolid, presumably a trimer or polymer of octanal, and the higher temperature of an atmospheric distillation is needed to generate the monomeric octanal. 

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