Liquid defined

A representation of several liquids defined by their boiling points. Liquids within the shaded area are (defined to be) volatile those outside it are not. 

Experimental techniques usually only measure certain aspects of the structure, either static (density, number of certain molecular contacts, etc.) or dynamic (local diffusion coefficients, residence times of molecules, etc.). It must be kept in mind that with these techniques only part of the overall structure is recovered. The simplest models are based on primitive liquids, defined as those where the liquid is a homogeneous, structureless medium. 

Figure 3.4 The autocorrelation function gQQ of liquid heavy water at 11 °C as a function of interatomic distance R. The value of R at maximum of gQQ is the value of Qq, the average equilibrium O - O distance of O-D -O bonds in this liquid, defined in Fignre 2.1. Reprodnced from Figure lb of reference (24), with permission. Copyright (2006) by the American Physical Society.

The SVP of a liquid defines its volatility the higher the SVP, the greater the volatility of the compound. When the SVP is equal to the atmospheric pressure, the liquid boils. The SVP of water at 100°C = 760 mmHg. It is common knowledge that water boils at a lower temperature at high altitude than at sea level. This is because the SVP becomes equal to the reduced atmospheric pressure at high altitude at a temperature of less than 100°C. Of course, air is not always saturated with water vapour. When... 

According to Hench (1991) there are five kinetically different stages during the interaction of bioglass1 with liquid defined as follows ... 

Estimates of crude oil from the EIA are for proved reserves, defined by the EIA (2003a) as the estimated quantities of aU liquids defined as crude oil that geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. ... 

Here we confine mainly to fluids (gases or liquids) defined as materials with maximal symmetry. Using this principle we find that dependence on F and GradF may be in fluids expressed through dependence on density p and its gradient h... 

Liquid dielectrophoresis (1-iDEP), which can displace insulating or semi-insulating liquids (defined as < ImS/m) above dielectric layers [18]. Oil droplet obstacle from an intersecting channel into the main channel to create an oil meniscus as depicted in Fig. 1 [9]... 

Gas-phase momentum based on unit mass of liquid defined in Equation Pa G... 

The Hildebrand solubility parameter for convention liquids, defined in equation 4, is largely a measure of the attractive interaction between Uquid molecules. 

A liquid solution that is a mixture of two components, A and B, is called a binary liquid mixture (or binary solution). Like a single-component liquid, this solution will have a vapor pressure (P) that depends upon the temperature. For a binary solution, though, the vapor pressure will also depend upon the composition of the liquid, defined by the mole fractions ni and jcb, where the superscript 1 denotes the liquid phase. The composition of the vapor above a binary liquid mixture, denoted by xX and Xb (v for vapor ), will usually differ from that of the liquid. 

Ionic liquids, defined as molten salts at ambient temperature, have attracted researchers on wide area, because their ionic nature is different from both aqueous and nonaqueous molecular media and most ionic liquids consist of... 

The science of rheology encompasses the behaviour of both solid and liquid materials. This extends from a perfectly elastic solid, defined by Robert Hooke in 1678, to a perfectly viscous liquid, defined by Newton in 1687, and to the myriad of viscoelastic materials in between. The rheology of natural thickeners is primarily concerned with viscosity and viscoelasticity. 

The radius of curvature at the tip of each free surface and the maximum thickness of the liquid define the geometric properties of the lens. To calculate the equilibrium configuration of the liquid lens, the authors used the Young-Laplace equation to solve for the top and bottom capillary surfaces, coupled through the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid column with height d and constrained by a particular total volume of liquid. In non-dimensional form, the Young-Laplace equation is... 

Taking into account the above mentioned considerations, in the last 10 years investigations to develop and promote alternative more environmentally friendly electrochemical media have been reported, including the class of the so-called "ionic liquids", defined as "ionic materials in liquid state for temperatures lower than 100°C" (Endres et al., 2008 Wasserscheid Welton, 2007). 

An ideal gas has by definition no intermolecular structure. Also, real gases at ordinary pressure conditions have little to do with intermolecular interactions. In the gaseous state, molecules are to a good approximation isolated entities traveling in space at high speed with sparse and near elastic collisions. At the other extreme, a perfect crystal has a periodic and symmetric intermolecular structure, as shown in Section 5.1. The structure is dictated by intermolecular forces, and molecules can only perform small oscillations around their equilibrium positions. As discussed in Chapter 13, in between these two extremes matter has many more ways of aggregation the present chapter deals with proper liquids, defined here as bodies whose molecules are in permanent but dynamic contact, with extensive freedom of conformational rearrangement and of rotational and translational diffusion. This relatively unrestricted molecular motion has a macroscopic counterpart in viscous flow, a typical property of liquids. Molecular diffusion in liquids occurs approximately on the timescale of nanoseconds (10 to 10 s), to be compared with the timescale of molecular or lattice vibrations, to 10 s. 

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