WASTE COLLECTION

Of the 200 million tons of municipal solid waste collected in the United States in 1993 (1), 22% was recycled while 62% was placed in landfills and 16% incinerated (2). Plastics comprised 9.3% of these materials. The number of U.S. residential collection programs increased from 1,000 in 1988 to more than 7,000 involving more than 100 million people in 1993 (2). Approximate 1994 U.S. recycling rates are given in Table 1. 

There are numerous misconceptions about the sources of various chemical elements in waste, particularly those that are potential acid formers when the waste is incinerated or mechanically converted and used as a refuse-derived fuel. For example, it is often mistakenly stated that the source of chlorine in waste, hence a potential source of HCl emissions, is poly(vinyl chloride). The relative contents of selected, potentially acid-forming elements in the organic portion of a sample of waste collected from various households in one U.S. East Coast city is given in Table 2 (17). In this city, a chief source of chlorine in the waste is NaCl, probably from food waste. 

The primary disadvantage of commingled collection is that municipalities must operate a different collection system for recyclables than for other household and commercial waste. The success of these new collection programs is highly dependent on pubHc participation. As a result, the amount of waste collected in commingled systems may be small. 

Disposal The final func tional element in the sohd-waste-management system is disposal. Disposal is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are wastes collected and transported direc tly to a landfQl site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from industrial treatment plants and air-pollution-control devices, incinerator residue, compost, or other substances from various solid-waste processing plants that are of no further use. 

Equipment for Hazardous-Wastes Collection The eqmp-ment used for collection varies with the characteristics of the wastes. For short-haul distances, drum storage and collecdion with an enclosed trailer are often preferred methods. Full-size drums are usually shipped four to a pallet. Smaller sizes are stacked and/or wrapped up to 10 per pallet. As hauling distances increase, larger tank trucks, trailers, and railroad tank cars are used. 

Develop detailed contracts with outside waste-management firms. Define clearly the duties and responsibilities of plant personnel and waste-collection personnel. 

Dispose of this material and its container to hazardous or special waste collection point... 

Tier 0 and Tier 1 costs are direct and indirect costs. They include the engineering, materials, labor, construction, contingency, etc., as well as waste-collection and transportation services (in many cases we simply transform an air pollution problem into a solid waste or wastewater problem that requires final treatment and disposal), raw-material consumption (increase or decrease), and production costs. Tier 2 and... 

A sub-group of Environmental Industiy Associations that represents for-profit companies in North America providing solid, hazardous and medical waste collection, recycling and disposal sendees, remedial and oil spill clean-ups, and companies providing professional and consulting sendees to the industiy. 

Provide for the promulgation of guidelines for solid waste collection, transport. separaUon, recovery, and disposal systems Pro ide training gnints in occupations involving the design, operaUon, and maintenance of solid waste dispostil systems ... 

Paint spraying and coating Use of highly flammable liquids Waste collection and disposal... 

Do not discharge into drains or the environment, dispose to an authorized waste collection plant... 

Segregated oily wastewater is defined as oil waste collected from machine sumps and process tanks. The water is segregated from other wastewaters until it has been treated by an oily waste removal system. Of the plants, 12.4% are known to segregate their oily wastes. The average contribution of these wastes to the total plant wastewater flow is 6.6% (range of approximately 0.0-55.4%). 

Mercury oxide and silver oxide button batteries are sometimes collected by jewelers, pharmacies, hospitals, and electronic or hearing aid stores for shipping them to companies that reclaim mercury or silver. Some batteries cannot be recycled. If recycling is not possible, batteries should be saved for disposing of at a hazardous waste collection. Battery recycling and button battery collection may be good options at present, but may change as the mercury concentration in the majority of button batteries continues to decrease. 

Batteries may be taken to a household-hazardous-waste collection or a local battery collection program. One can also contact the battery manufacturer for other disposal options or for information on collection programs. If disposal is the only option, and the household batteries are not banned from the permitted landfill in the area, one should protect the batteries for disposal by placing them in a sturdy plastic bag in a sturdy container to help guard against leakage. Waste batteries should not be burned because of the metals that could explode. When burned, some heavy metals such as mercury may vaporize and escape into the air, and cadmium and lead may end up in the ash.12... 

Logistics of e-waste collection commonly involve three channels. Municipal collection sites usually accept any amount of waste from citizens, without cost. In-store retailer take-back schemes may be free or depend on repeat purchases. Direct producer take-back is generally for business customers and may require a replacement purchase. 

Characterization of the fraction that is recyclable is one of the subjects of this study. Some components of healthcare waste collected is incinerated (Fig. 7). 

In developed economy, the product flow chain involves a range of actors -manufacturers, distributors, retailers, household, and bulk consumers - all or some of whom could potentially play a role in the return flow of waste lamps to recycling facilities. In Europe, the preferred system for collection and recycling is based on EPR. The used lamps are either collected by a representative of manufacturer or municipal waste collection infrastructure is used for the... 

Elution in the second dimension need not be executed until solute is present in the first sample loop. This predelay period allows the first-dimension column void solvent to be dumped to waste collection prior to the arrival of the first retained component. After some initial time, the regular sampling interval 7j = 7) = 7 3 is started. 

For nano LC using a 75 /im ID column, 100 ml of solvent can handle more than 16,000 injections (2-min analysis time per injection). No solvent waste collects because it is evaporated. Conventional LC will produce more than 320,000 ml of solvent waste for the same number of analyses. 

Commercial tellurium, 24 408, 414 Commercial vaccines, 25 487 Commercial waste, 25 864 Commingled plastic wastes recycling, 21 453-456 thermal cracking of, 21 454 thermal degradation of, 21 454 Commingled recyclables, 21 368 in waste collection, 25 869-870 Comminution, 16 135... 

Loading waveform, 13 482-483 Load limits, in waste collection, 25 870 Load-lock system, 24 724 Load variable, 20 666 Lobeline, 2 82... 

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