Bituminous materials

Fillers are also used in the preparation of paper to improve the properties of the material and are added to bituminous materials such as plastics and road surfacing materials. 

Ductility of bituminous materials NF T 66-006 ASTM D 113 Test-sample elongation at the point of rupture... 

Relative density (specific gravity) of bituminous materials NF T 66-007 ASTM D 70 Pycnometer... 

Apparently a negative AP with Q < 90° can be found for particular pore geometries [53]. A different type of water repellency is desired to prevent the deterioration of blacktop roads consisting of crushed rock coated with bituminous materials. Here the problem is that water tends to spread into the stone-oil interface, detaching the aggregate from its binder [54]. No entirely satisfactory solution has been found, although various detergent-type additives have been found to help. Much more study of the problem is needed. 

The greater portion of PVC is installed in the mechanically fastened roofing system a lesser portion is installed in fully adhered appHcations. Although PVC was once heavily used in ballasted roofing systems, there are only a small number installed in the 1990s. Fleece-back membrane is popular in the PVC constmction for both fully adhered appHcations as well as in appHcations where a separator sheet is needed. PVCs ate resistant to vafious weather conditions, bactefial growth, and industfial chemicals. These membranes ate chemically incompatible with bituminous materials. PVCs ate offered in a variety of colors. The physical characteristics of a PVC membrane have been described (15). 

In a general sense, however, the term heavy oil is often appHed to a petroleum that has a gravity <20° API. The term heavy oil has also been arbitrarily used to describe both the heavy oil that requires thermal stimulation for recovery from the reservoir and the bitumen in bituminous sand (also known as tar sand or oil sand) formations, from which the heavy bituminous material is recovered by a mining operation. Extra heavy oil is the subcategory of petroleum that occurs in the near-soHd state and is incapable of free flow under ambient conditions. The bitumen from tar sand deposits is often classified as an extra heavy oil. 

It is incorrect to refer to bitumen as tar or pitch. Although the word tar is somewhat descriptive of the black bituminous material, it is best to avoid its use in referring to natural materials. More correctly, the name tar is usually appHed to the heavy product remaining after the destmctive distillation of coal (qv) or other organic matter. Pitch is the distillation residue of the various types of tar (see Tar and pitch). 

Waterproof. Waterproofing barrier systems may be either hot- or cold-appHed. The hot-appHed generaUy involve a bituminous material such as asphalt used in conjunction with a reinforcing fabric such as roofing felt, cotton, or glass cloth. Cold-appHed can be bituminous or elastomeric materials either in Hquid or sheet form, with or without fabric reinforcement. Liquid elastomeric treatments include neoprene, polyurethanes, and blends of these or epoxies with bituminous materials. Among the commonly used precured elastomeric sheet materials are neoprene, polyisobutylene, EPDM mbber, and plasticized PVC. Polyethylene and PVC films and nonwoven plastic or glass fabric coated with bituminous materials also find use (78). Because these... 

ASTM (1) further classifies asphalts or bituminous materials as soHds, semisoUds, or Hquids. SemisoHd and Hquid asphalts predominate in commercial practice today. Prior to 1907, the principal portion of asphalt used occurred naturally since that time most asphalts have been produced from the refining of petroleum. Air-blown petroleum asphalts (5) of diverse hardness became available in the early 1900s, and as thek use increased, the demand for native products diminished. 

Organic coatings applied primarily to protect pipelines and storage tanks include paints, plastics and bituminous materials. According to Ref. 1 these can be... 

Thin coatings consist of paints and varnishes, which are applied as liquids or powdered resin with a thickness of about 0.5 mm [e.g., epoxy resin (EP) [2]]. Typical thick coatings are bituminous materials [3] and polyolefins [e.g., polyethylene (PE) [4]], thick coating resin combinations [e.g., EP tar and polyurethane (PUR) tar [2]] as well as heat-shrinkable sleeves and tape systems [5]. 

The concept of a photoresist is of great antiquity and has a number of features of interest relating to plastics. In Ancient Egypt mummies were wrappted in linen cloths dipped in a solution of oil of lavender containing high molecular mass bituminous material (Chapter 30) which was known variously as Syrian Asphalt or Bitumen of Judea. On exposure to light the product hardened and became insoluble. The evidence is that some form of cross-linking occurred. 

A number of types of bituminous material exist and terminology is still somewhat confusing. The term bitumens in its widest sense includes liquid and solid hydrocarbons but its popular meaning is restricted to the solid and semisolid materials. The bitumens occur widely in nature and may be considered to be derived from petroleum either by evaporation of the lighter fraction under atmospheric conditions or by a deeper seated metamorphism. The purer native bitumens are generally known as asphaltites and include Gilsonite, extensively used for moulding, which occurs in Utah. 

The bulk of bituminous materials are used for road making and building applications which are outside the scope of this book. Only a very small percentage is used in moulding compositions and few data have been made publicly available concerning the properties of these compositions. 

Test method for iron chip corrosion test for water soluble metalworking fluids Test method for accelerated weathering test conditions and procedures for bituminous materials (xenon-arc method)... 

Some materials may bum quite slowly but may propagate a flame rapidly over their surfaces. Thin wood paneling will burn readily, yet a heavy timber post will sustain a fire on its surface until it is charred, then smolder at a remarkably slow rate of burning. Bituminous materials may spread a fire by softening and running down a wall. Steel of course does not burn, but is catastrophically weakened by the elevated temperatures of a fire. PVC does not bum, but it softens at relatively low temperatures. Other plastics may not burn readily but still emit copious amounts of smoke. And some flammable plastics, such as... 

Practically every battery system uses carbon in one form or another. The purity, morphology and physical form are very important factors in its effective use in all these applications. Its use in lithium-ion batteries (Li-Ion), fuel cells and other battery systems has been reviewed previously [1 -8]. Two recent applications in alkaline cells and Li-Ion cells will be discussed in more detail. Table 1 contains a partial listing of the use of carbon materials in batteries that stretch across a wide spectrum of battery technologies and materials. Materials stretch from bituminous materials used to seal carbon-zinc and lead acid batteries to synthetic graphites used as active materials in lithium ion cells. 

Bituminous materials Bitumen, asphalt Moulding materials, adhesive, pigment... 

Originally bituminous materials such as natural asphalt but now a by-product of petroleum refining - an air-blown petroleum asphalt. In rubber compounding it is a tack-producing softener in larger proportions it is classed as an extender. 

Asphaltene (asphaltenes) the brown to black powdery material produced by treatment of petroleum, petroleum residua, or bituminous materials with a low-boiling liquid hydrocarbon (e.g., pentane or heptane) soluble in benzene (and other aromatic solvents), carbon disulfide, and chloroform (or other chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents). 

F.L. Shea, Jr., USP 2872305 (1959) CA 53, 7597 (1959) claims preparation of LOX by grinding a suitable bituminous material to a preferred particle size of 65—95% thru 200 mesh, and flash-calcining at >1150°F, preferably 1350—1650°F, with an oxidizing gas containing sufficient oxygen to oxidize all but about 10% of the volatile matter in the feed, which volatile matter should be 15—20% of the feed. The product thus obtained is then immersed in liq oxygen to form the expl... 

In tests (Ref 30) to determine the effect of liners and coating on the sensitivity of 50/50 Pentolite charges contained in bombs it was concluded that very little effect was obtained with a wax coating on the inner surface of the bomb, but an asphalt dip reduced the detonations considerably. The tests conducted were rather limited in the variety of waxes tested. Subsequent tests in 100-lb bombs were somewhat inconsistentwith the initial finding. Seven hundred-fifty lb general purpose bombs loaded in the 1970 s did use both a nose pad and liner of a bituminous material... 

Hoiberg, A.J. 1964. Bituminous Materials Asphalts, Tars, and Pitches. John Wiley Sons, New York. 

Rostler, F.S. 1965. In Bituminous Materials Asphalt, Tars and Pitches. A. Hoiberg (Editor). Interscience, New York, 11(1) 151. 

The suggestion arose in 1914 that the systematic separation of petroleum be effected by treatment with solvents. If chosen carefully, solvents effect a separation between the constituents of residua, bituminous materials, and petroleum according to differences in molecular weight and aromatic character. The nature and the quantity of the components separated depend on the conditions of the experiment, namely, the degree of dilution temperature and the nature of the solvent. 

Asphaltite a variety of naturally occurring, dark brown to black, solid, nonvolatile bituminous material that is differentiated from bitumen primarily by a high content of material insoluble in n-pentane (asphaltene) or other liquid hydrocarbons. 

Asphaltoid a group of brown to black, solid bituminous materials of which the members are differentiated from asphaltites by their infusibility and low solubility in carbon disulfide. 

Bituminous sand a formation in which the bituminous material (see Bitumen) is found as a filling in veins and fissures in fractured rocks or impregnating relatively shallow sand, sandstone, and limestone strata a sandstone reservoir that is impregnated with a heavy, viscous black petroleum-like material that cannot be retrieved through a well by conventional production techniques. 

At last, we must mention studies developed by Robin [181-183] who added ozonized polyolefins to bituminous materials to obtain new binders... 

Most battery systems employ carbon materials in one form or another, as noted in Table 10.1. The use of carbon materials in batteries stretches across a wide spectrum of battery technologies. The variety of carbon runs the gamut from bituminous materials, used to seal carbon-zinc and carbon black powders in lead acid batteries, to high performance synthetic graphites, used as active materials in lithium-ion cells. The largest use is as a conductive diluent to enhance the performance of cathode materials. In many instances, it is used as a conductive diluent for poorly conducting cathode materials where carbon blacks, such as acetylene black, are preferred. It is essential that... 

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