Phase 2 risk assessment

By contrast, the nature of certain accident scenarios could prove to be quite sensitive to some design parameters. It should not be ruled out during the risk assessment phase, especially during detailed design, that discoveries during consequence analysis could lead to the revision of the design basis of the facility or some equipment or components. 

EPA (1979) TSCA Chemical assessment series preliminary risk assessment phase i benzidine, it s congeners and their derivative dyes and pigments. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, EPA-560/11-80-019... 

Produced Water Radionuclide Hazard/Risk Assessment Phase I... 

Three assessment phases are recognised widely. The first is hazard identification this is described as a Phase la investigation. In this, a conceptual model is developed for the site that identifies potential receptors, contaminant sources and pathways, by which contamination can reach receptors. The second phase (Phase lb) tests the conceptual model, by collecting and analysing quantitative information to support model validation. The final phase is risk assessment (Phase 2) in which the conceptual model is used to estimate and evaluate the actual or potential risks to receptors. 

Risk assessment has usually been divided into four different and well-defined phases to ensure that all important issues will be given a fair consideration. The phases of systematic risk assessment include ... 

Figure 1 shows part of a solvent phase polypropylene plant. The plant consists of three process lines, denoted A, B, and C. During a risk assessment review, a scenario was identified that involved a release of reactor contents from a location near the west end of the A line. Estimates are needed of the blast overpressures that would occur if the resulting cloud of vapor, mist, and power ignites. 

In this phase of the risk assessment, the validity and reliability of conclusions and advice to risk managers depend on the quality, reliability, and relevance of available exposure data. Therefore it is necessary to (1) critically review the facts from food composition tables and the reasons for differences reported by and within countries, (2) consider the way foods are categorized and thus made comparable (or not) in food consumption surveys, and (3) explore how to refine assessments as more information becomes available. ... 

Dose-response assessment is the process of obtaining quantitative information about the probability of human illness following exposure to a hazard it is the translation of exposure into harm. Dose-response curves have been determined for some hazards. The curves show the relationship of dose exposure and the probabihty of a response. Since vahdated dose-response relationships are scarce, various other inputs are used to underpin the hazard characterization phase of risk assessment. 

Source From NATO/CCMS, Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging Technologies for the Treatment and Clean Up of Contaminated Land and Groundwater, NATO CCMS Pilot Study, Phase III, 1999 Annual Report, EPA 542/R-99/007, no. 235,1999 Ferguson, C. and Kasamas, H., Eds., Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites in Europe, Vol. 2. Policy Frameworks, LGM Press, Nottingham, UK, 1999. With permission. 

K. R. Peterson and T. F. Harvey, "Meteorology and Demography Models for Risk Assessments of Accidental Atmospheric Releases of Nuclear Waste Phase 2 Methodology," Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 1980. 

Researchers focused on the metabolically competent human hepatoma cell line HepG2 as a model of human liver. HepG2 cells are a well-known hepatoma cell line that retains many of the morphological characteristics of liver parenchymal cells. This model is often used as a useful tool for HRA/ERA-oriented chemical risk assessment due to the expression of antioxidant and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (in particular phase I and phase II enzymes responsible for the bioactivation/detoxification of various xenobiotics) that can be induced or inhibited by dietary and non-dietary agents [28-30]. 

Palma P, Kuster M, Alvarenga P, Palma VL, Fernandes RM, Soares AMVM, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barcelo D, Barbosa IR (2009) Risk assessment of representative and priority pesticides, in surface water of the Alqueva reservoir (South of Portugal) using on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Environ Int 35 545-551... 

Determining the potential for hazards to result in an accident (risk assessment) is frequently part of the identification step (see chapter 11). This list of potential hazards and their risk is used during the evaluation and control phase of the project. Resources for evaluating the hazards and developing control methods are allocated on a priority basis, giving the appropriate time and attention to the most significant hazards. 

A number of EIA theorists believe in incorporating formal RA methods into EIA as a way to cope with uncertainties, especially in impact prediction where a formal framework for ecological risk assessment (EcoRA) is already developed. It includes three generic phases problem formulation, analysis, and risk characterization followed by risk management. The analysis phase includes an exposure assessment and an ecological effects assessment (see, e.g., US EPA (1998)). 

The assessment of rate and distribution of environmental pollutants in various phases including air, water, and soil is important for the risk assessment of chemicals [48]. The partitioning of chemicals among different phases is usually assessed using a critical list of physical properties including vapor pressure (VP), aqueous solubility, ainwater partition coefficient, and octanol-water partition coefficient. 

The European Union has unanimously voted to reverse a proposal from the European Parliament to phase out two brominated flame retardants, penta- and octa-BDE. This formed part of a forthcoming directive on a third member of the PBDE family. The proposed directive now returns to the Parliament for a second reading in early 2002, by which time risk assessments should be completed. Parliament also agreed that deca-BDE should be banned by 2006, though only if the risk assessment validated this. EUROPEAN COMMISSION... 

The issues of mercury cell phase out and risk assessment of chlorine compounds. 

Generally, slow sorption or desorption has made complete remediation technology difficult. However, there have recently been legitimate questions raised by some researchers [163,187] about whether we even need to be concerned about residues that desorb so slowly and thus are apparently largely bio-unavailable. At a minimum, it is important that we understand the factors which govern slow sorption/desorption rates, their kinetics and causes at the intra-particle level of different solid phase materials (e.g., surface/subsurface and aquatic sediment particles), and how these phenomena can relate to contaminant transport, bioavailability, toxicity, remediation, and risk assessment modeling. 

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