Emerging technologies

Activated carbons are produced with a wide range of properties and physical forms, which leads to their use in numerous applications (Table 1). For example, their high internal surface area and pore volume are pertinent to their being employed as adsorbents, catalysts, or catalyst supports in gas and liquid phase processes for purification and chemical recovery. General information on the manufacture, properties, and applications of conventional activated carbons can be found in Porosity in Carbons, edited by John Patrick [I], 

Powdered activated carbons are used almost exclusively in liquid phase applications, usually in a batch-processing mode. Operation can be flexible because 

Widely varying hardness and abrasion resistance World consumption 

Performance requirements are becoming increasingly more demanding, and there is a growing need for activated carbons with new and improved properties. 

2 Schematics showing internal structure of activated carbon forms. 

DHPLC is a useful, high-throughput method to identify novel polymorphisms and to provide genotyping in a variety of situations. It uses PCR to produce a graph of homoduplex and heteroduplex absorbance as these annealed PCR product moieties elute from a column. 

Microarray Methods. Affymetrix and Hyseq Resequencing AND Sequencing by Hybridization 

On the horizon are two new methods that are at the margin between the microelectronics industry and biotechnology One is the ability to visualize the results of a molecular test using electronic sensors the other is the capacity to alter molecular hybridization conditions through the use of electric fields. Each of these is likely to cause a stir among molecular diagnosticians. 

Research workers at Nanogen, Inc., in San Diego have demonstrated that controlled electric fields can be used to regulate transport, concentrate, hybridize, and 

No Single Method Is Sufficient to Reliably Type All Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms 

IMP process. Developed by the Mexican Institute of Petroleum. It uses FBR in series with selective catalyst for removal of metals and sulfur, as well as hydrocracking of asphaltenes. The operation of reactors is at moderate severity, thus minimizing the formation of sediments. It employs proprietary catalysts that are designed according to the type and quality of heavy crude oil to be upgraded. Proper selection of feed preparation, reaction conditions, reactor arrangement, and catalyst properties assure the process to operate continuously (Ancheyta et al., 2010). 

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However, coiled tubing drilling is limited to slim holes, and the reliability of some of the drill string components such as downhole motors needs further improvement. Presently, the cost of building a new customised CTD rig limits the wider application of this emerging technology. 

R. E. Hiachee, D. B. Andersoa, F. B. Mettiag, r., and G. D. Sayles, eds.. Applied Biotechnology for Site Kemediation, Lewis PubUshers, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1994. J. L. Means and R. E. Hiachee, eds.. Emerging Technology for Bioremediation of Metals, Lewis PubUshers, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1994. 

R. A. Young, in R. RoweU, T. Schultz, and R. Narayan, eds.. Emerging Technologies for Materials and Chemicals from Biomass, ACS Symposium Series, no. 476, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1992, p. 115. 

Exposure to a flavor over time always results in a decrease in the perceived intensity. This dynamic effect of flavorants, called adaptation, is a central part of the process by which people experience flavors in foods as well as in sensory tests. Measuring the dynamics of flavor perception is an emerging technology made possible by inexpensive computing. Called time-intensity analysis, these methods are finding wide appHcations in taste analysis. 

J. A. Schlegel, Barrier Plas tics-The Impact of Emerging Technology, American Management Association, Washington, D.C. 1985. 

Direct conversion of natural gas to Hquids has been actively researched. Process economics are highly variable and it is unclear whether direct natural gas conversion technologies are competitive with the estabUshed indirect processes. Some emerging technologies in this area are presented herein. 

H. R. Jacobs, J. P. Hartnett, Thermal Sciences Emerging Technologies and Critical Phenomena, NSF Thermal Science Workshop, Chicago, April 18—21, 1991. 

J. V. Maddox, iu S. B. Viuson and R. L. Metcalf, eds.. Entomology Serving Society Emerging Technologies and Challenges, Entomology Society of America, Lanham, Md., 1991, p. 356. 

Status and Applications of Diamond andDiamond-Eike Materials An Emerging Technology, National Academy Press, Washiagton, D.C., 1990. 

R. A. Northey, Emerging Technology of Materials and Chemicals from Biomass, ACS Symposium Series 476, Washington, D.C., 1992. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, SITE Emerging Technology Summary Cross-Flow Pervaporation for Eemovalof WOCsfrom Contaminated Wastewater, EPA/540/SR-94/512, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1994. 

U.S. EPA, Emerging Technology Bulletin Eolatile Organic Compound Removalfrom Air Streams by Membranes Separation, Membrane Technology and Research, Inc., EPA/540/E-94/503, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1994. 

Emerging technologies for the commercial manufacture of chloric acid fall into three categories (/) generation of high purity chloric acid by thermal decomposition of pure solutions of hypochlorous acid [7790-92-3], HCIO (5). 

Chlorinated paraffins with the general molecular formula x 2x-y+2) have been manufactured on a commercial basis for over 50 years. The early products were based on paraffin wax feedstocks and were used as fine retardants and plasticizers in surface coatings and textile treatments and as extreme pressure—antiwear additives in lubricants. The development of chlorinated paraffins into new and emerging technologies was constrained principally because of the limitations of grades based on paraffin wax and the lack of suitable alternative feedstocks to meet the demands of the new potential markets. 

R. M. Woodby and D. L. Michelsen, Emerging Technologies for Hazardous Waste Treatment Sjmposium, I EC Division of ACS, Atiantic City, N.J., June 4-7,1990. 

Ethylene from Goal. There are several possible routes to ethylene from coal based on both conventional and emerging technologies. 

The use of impedance electrochemical techniques to study corrosion mechanisms and to determine corrosion rates is an emerging technology. Elec trode impedance measurements have not been widely used, largely because of the sophisticated electrical equipment required to make these measurements. Recent advantages in micro-elec tronics and computers has moved this technique almost overnight from being an academic experimental investigation of the concept itself to one of shelf-item commercial hardware and computer software, available to industrial corrosion laboratories. 

Surfactants in Emerging Technologies, edited by Milton J. Rosen... 

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