Designs parameters

A camera with a bent mirror/bent monochromator optics (Fig. 10a) has the advantage of a high flexibility in its focusing conditions and allows to minimize the beam cross section at the sample for a given SAXS-resolution, which is especially of interest for small samples like single muscle fibres. This implies that a high- i undulator will be used (Table 2). Note that beam compression via an asymmetric cut monochromator [32] is not necessary in view of the highly symmetric source. 

The limit of diffuse scattering (L) — which corresponds to the SAXS-resolution — has been calculated for this type of optics for various camera length (Fig. 11 a). A comparison of the optimum in L (Lmax) with that of the polymer beamline at F1ASYLAB is shown in Fig, lib. At a comparable F2 9 m one obtains an increase in Lmax by a factor 15. The size of the beam at the sample is shown in Fig. 11c. 

If one restricts the length of the camera to be within the experimental hall (F2 a 25 m) then Lmax a 3 104 (Qroin a 2 10 4 A-1). There is no reason, however, why the camera could not be extended beyond the experimental hall in order to reach Qmin values of a 10-5 A 1 and less in case the samples could be sufficiently large or one would be prepared to sacrifice intensity by reducing the beam size. Note that a proposed topography beamline has a length of a 400 m [11], 

U undulator M mirror Mo monochromator D-Mo double monochromator Mu multilayers A aperture slits G guard slits S sample D detector. The length scale is determined by the insertion of the camera into the experimental hall, The different length of the mirror/ monochromator camera is due to the horizontal deflection by 20 as 27° (X 1.5 A) 

In order to cover both the wide-angle and small-angle scattering range, at least two detectors at different distances to the sample will have to be synchronized. 

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Targets for number of shells, capital cost, and total cost also can be set. Thus remaining problem analysis can be used on these design parameters also. 

During the design phase, facilities (the hardware items of equipment) are designed for operating conditions which are anticipated based upon the information gathered during field appraisal, and upon the outcome of studies such as the reservoir simulation. The design parameters will typically be based upon assessments of... 

Apart from determinating the optimum size of equipment, the degree of flexibiHty is another key plant design parameter. FlexibiHty means cost, thus only as much flexibiHty as required by the processes should be buHt. Excessive flexibiHty is counterproductive (2). 

Formation of emissions from fluidised-bed combustion is considerably different from that associated with grate-fired systems. Flyash generation is a design parameter, and typically >90% of all soHds are removed from the system as flyash. SO2 and HCl are controlled by reactions with calcium in the bed, where the lime-stone fed to the bed first calcines to CaO and CO2, and then the lime reacts with sulfur dioxide and oxygen, or with hydrogen chloride, to form calcium sulfate and calcium chloride, respectively. SO2 and HCl capture rates of 70—90% are readily achieved with fluidi2ed beds. The limestone in the bed plus the very low combustion temperatures inhibit conversion of fuel N to NO. ... 

Knock is caused by unwanted chemical reactions in the combustion chamber. These reactions are a function of the specific chemical species which make up the fuel and the environmental conditions to which the fuel is subjected during the compression and power stroke in the engine. Therefore, both the chemical makeup of the fuel and the engine design parameters must be considered when trying to understand knock. 

Effect of Uncertainties in Thermal Design Parameters. The parameters that are used ia the basic siting calculations of a heat exchanger iaclude heat-transfer coefficients tube dimensions, eg, tube diameter and wall thickness and physical properties, eg, thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, and specific heat. Nominal or mean values of these parameters are used ia the basic siting calculations. In reaUty, there are uncertainties ia these nominal values. For example, heat-transfer correlations from which one computes convective heat-transfer coefficients have data spreads around the mean values. Because heat-transfer tubes caimot be produced ia precise dimensions, tube wall thickness varies over a range of the mean value. In addition, the thermal conductivity of tube wall material cannot be measured exactiy, a dding to the uncertainty ia the design and performance calculations. 

If a heat exchanger is sized usiag the mean values of the design parameters, then the probabiUty, or the confidence level, of the exchanger to meet its design thermal duty is only 50%. Therefore, in order to increase the confidence level of the design, a proper uncertainty analysis must be performed for all principal design parameters. 

Ton-exchange systems vary from simple one-column units, as used in water softening, to numerous arrays of cation and anion exchangers which are dependent upon the appHcation, quaHty of effluent required, and design parameters. An Hlustration of some of these systems, as used in the production of deionized (demineralized) water, is presented in Figure 7. 

Since reliability and the related measures are essentially design parameters, improvements are most easily and economically accomplished early in the design cycle. Useful techniques for design reUabiUty improvement are described below. 

Design parameters as a function of temperature and design temperature limits are set forth in the ANSI/ASME B31 Piping Codes for a very broad range of materials. These codes, and the additional information available from manufacturers, vendors, and technical societies such as the National Association of Corrosion Engineers provide ample data for the selection of materials for piping systems (1—13). 

The theoretical models caimot predict flux rates. Plant-design parameters must be obtained from laboratory testing, pilot-plant data, or in the case of estabhshed apphcations, performance of operating plants. 

Fig. 5. Relationship between suspended soflds removal design parameters and overflow rate.

Table 5. Design Parameters for the Activated-Sludge Process ...

Attempts have also been made to carry out surface modifications of the aggregate to enhance interactions with the asphalt (135) and other workers have made attempts to measure or predict the strength and type of asphalt—aggregate bonds (136,137). However, it must also be remembered that mix design parameters play an important role in determining the performance of asphalt—aggregate mixes (138—142). 

Table 3. Comparison of Design Parameters for Fossil Fuel Boilers...

Introduction of linear low density polyethylene in the 1970s and 1980s offered yet another design parameter, giving chlorosulfonated products with the advantages of linear types but with improved low temperature performance (8). 

L. S. Socha, J. P. Day, and E. M. Barnett, Impact of Catalytic Support Design Parameters on FTP Emissions, SAE 892041, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1989. 

Equation (8-66) contains two types of design parameters that can also be used for tuning purposes. The move suppression factor 8 penalizes large control moves, while the weighting factors Wj allow the predicted errors to be weighed differently at each time step, if desired. 

The MPC control problem illustrated in Eqs. (8-66) to (8-71) contains a variety of design parameters model horizon N, prediction horizon p, control horizon m, weighting factors Wj, move suppression factor 6, the constraint limits Bj, Q, and Dj, and the sampling period At. Some of these parameters can be used to tune the MPC strategy, notably the move suppression faclor 6, but details remain largely proprietary. One commercial controller, Honeywell s RMPCT (Robust Multivariable Predictive Control Technology), provides default tuning parameters based on the dynamic process model and the model uncertainty. 

The safety fac tor used in the calculations is a matter of judgment based on confidence in the design. A value of 1.10 is normally not considered excessive. Typical design parameters are shown in Tables 11-1 and 11-2. 

Plate Efficiency The efficiency of a plate for mass transfer depends upon three sets of design parameters ... 

To design deep-bed contactors for mass-transfer operations, one must have, in general, predictive methods for the following design parameters ... 

Nomographs for Preliminary Design A useful set of nomographs for determining conveyor-design parameters is given in Fig. 21-13. With these charts, conservative approximations of conveyor... 

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