Rewards

It is impossible to go into detail about the rewards which should be made to people for their performance in the absence of the policy of a specific company. Therefore, comment at this stage will have to be restricted to the general principles behind any reward system. 

When operating a performance related pay system, the rewards made to individual members of staff should reflect their personal performance, as discussed with them at review time. If this is not the case then over a period of time a Manager s judgement will be called into question. This could well lead to dissatisfaction and to a subtle state of non co-operation, even amongst what is normally a highly motivated group of people in R D. 

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Traditionally, investments in exploration are made many years before there is any opportunity of producing the oil (Fig. 1.2). In such situations companies must have at least one scenario in which the potential rewards from eventual production justify investment in exploration. 

Cases 3 and 4 are both exploration prospects, since the volumes of potential oil present are multiplied by a chance factor which represents the probability of there being oil there at all. For example, case 3 has an estimated probability of oil present of 65%, i.e. low risk of failure fo find oil (35%). However, even if there is oil present, the volume is small no greater than 130 MMstb. This would be a low risk, low reward prospect. 

Case 4 has a high risk of failure (85%) to find any oil, buf if there is oil there then the volume in place might be quite large (up to 400 MMstb). This would class as a high risk, high reward prospect. 

The choice of contract type will depend upon the type of work, and the level of control which the oil company wishes to maintain. There is a current trend for the oil company to consider the contractor as a partner in the project (partnering arrangements), and to work closely with the contractor at all stages of the project development. The objective of this closer involvement of the contractor is to provide a common incentive for the contractor and the oil company to improve quality, efficiency, safety, and most importantly to reduce cost. This type of contract usually contains a significant element of sharing risk and reward of the project. 

Next, for the log term (which normalizes the wave function), we have to choose, as in Eq. (15), suitable functions P t) that will correct the behavior of that term along the large semicircles. Among the multiplicity of choices, the following are the most rewarding (since they completely cancel the log term) ... 

Developments along these three lines can be expected to greatly extend the yet limited utility of catalysis by hard Lewis acids in aqueous media. The work described in this thesis has demonstrated drat these efforts can be rewarded by increased in rate and most importantly, enantioselectivity. 

Our studies also included IR spectroscopic investigation of the observed ions (Fig. 6.2). John Evans, who was at the time a spectroscopist at the Midland Dow laboratories, offered his cooperation and was able to obtain and analyze the vibrational spectra of our alkyl cations. It is rewarding that, some 30 years later, FT-IR spectra obtained by Denis Sunko and his colleagues in Zagreb with low-temperature matrix-deposition techniques and Schleyer s calculations of the spectra showed good agreement with our early work, considering that our work was... 

It is frequently said that the scientific career of professors is made by their students and associates who de facto carry out their joint research. I am no exception. However, I first had to create my own little research enclave with an atmosphere and spirit conducive to carrying out our work. I also feel that I was able to motivate my students, to bring out from them talents and efforts that sometimes surprised even them. It was a most rewarding experience to see that most of my students, when they became interested and motivated, achieved much and turned themselves into excellent, productive, and increasingly independent researchers. 

As mentioned, we also carried out IR studies (a fast vibrational spectroscopy) early in our work on carbocations. In our studies of the norbornyl cation we obtained Raman spectra as well, although at the time it was not possible to theoretically calculate the spectra. Comparison with model compounds (the 2-norbornyl system and nortri-cyclane, respectively) indicated the symmetrical, bridged nature of the ion. In recent years, Sunko and Schleyer were able, using the since-developed Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) method, to obtain the spectrum of the norbornyl cation and to compare it with the theoretically calculated one. Again, it was rewarding that their data were in excellent accord with our earlier work. 

Writing or editing scientific books is always a rewarding experience, with the authors gaining most from the systematic study and review... 

Another way in which academic chemists keep in touch with industry is through consulting. During the years I consulted at different times for Exxon, Chevron, Cyanamid, ENICHEM (Italy), and Pechiney-Kuhlman (Erance, when a friend, Lucien Sobel, was a research director). I enjoyed these contacts, because they kept me aware of current industrial developments and interests. At the same time, it was also rewarding to be able to suggest to my industrial friends new approaches and directions that on occasion were useful and resulted in practical applications. 

The following is the tastiest shrimp dish ever It is complex. But the reward is heaven. 

Therapeutic foods have been developed to meet the needs of pets that have nephritic failure, allergies, thyroid problems, geriatric difficulties, and obesity. Most of these therapeutic diets are dispensed by veterinarians, though some are available in pet food outlets and human-food stores stocking pet foods. Treats are usually snacks that may be nutritionally complete or may provide a tasty morsel as a reward. The number of treat products has escalated rapidly. 

Second, development efforts ia direct reduction and direct smelting processes have also iacreased. Whereas these developmeats require significant commitment of finances and labor to achieve commercialization, the rewards promised by avoiding cokemaking and hy utilizing smaller scale units which have relatively low capital costs make the commitment worthwhile. 

New product development programs present another type of challenge to the researcher. Often the researcher has no guidelines for evaluating the new product and must formulate a unique plan for developiag enough iaformation to constmct a matrix that would show the risks and rewards of the project. Reference 6 presents 10 commandments for new-product development. 

The design or substantial modification of a new plant or process, its subsequent constmction, and start-up represent a tremendous investment of time and money. The rewards are great if a significant improvement is realized the risks are also great if a costiy commercial plant fails to produce as expected. To reduce the degree of risk, lengthy and expensive research programs are often undertaken. 

The development of new antibiotics to combat resistance, and to provide easier oral administration and improved pharmacokinetics has been successful through synthetic modifications. This approach has been particularly rewarding in the area of P-lactams. The commercial importance of the P-lactams is evident from Table 3 which gives the market share of antibacterials. Fully 62% of the 1989 world antibacterial market belonged to the cephalosporin and penicillin P-lactams (20). 

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