Reward glutamate

Mesolimbic System/Reward System Metabolic Syndrome Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Metabotropic Receptor Metalloprote(in)ases Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci iV-Methyl D-aspartate Receptors Methylating Agents... 

Krystal JH, Petrakis IL, Mason G, et al V-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors and alcoholism reward, dependence, treatment, and vulnerability. Pharmacol Ther 99 79-94, 2003b... 

Nakagawa, T., Fujio, M., Ozawa, T., Minami, M., Satoh, M. Effect of MS-153, a glutamate transporter activator, on the conditioned rewarding effects of morphine, methamphetamine and cocaine in mice. 

Kenny PJ, Gasparini F, Markou A (2003) Group 11 metabotropic and -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA)Zkainate glutamate receptors regulate the deficit in brain reward function associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306 1068-... 

Many other neurotransmitters are undoubtedly involved in reward systems (Nutt, 1996). These include cholecystokinin, glutamate, neuropeptide Y, anan-damides and others, each of which have many other actions and also act on multiple receptor subtypes. These substances not only interact with other reward neurotransmitters but also take part in a delicate balance of activity with reciprocally connected punishment systems. 

In fact, their endeavours were rewarded by a double discovery that of AdoCbl, and also the first AdoCbl-dependent enzymic rearrangement - the reversible interconversion of L-glutamate and (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartate (Fig. 2). 

Thus, it may be suggested that a selective concentration upon a single pathological mechanism, such as postischaemic elevated levels of glutamate or calcium without a major integration of data from other sources, may not be rewarding in the long term. 

Dopamine metabolism may be involved in addictive behavior. All addictive drugs have been shown to cause a surge in dopamine levels in the "reward" section of the brain, the nucleus accumbens. Glutamate receptors may also be involved in controlling addictive behavior. 

Topiramate is an antiepileptic drug that attenuates the rewarding effect of alcohol associated with abuse by inhibiting mesocorticolimbic dopamine release via facilitation of GABA activity and inhibition of glutamate function. It has been demonstrated to reduce both alcohol consumption and craving. 

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