Rewarding system

Mesolimbic System/Reward System Metabolic Syndrome Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Metabotropic Receptor Metalloprote(in)ases Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci iV-Methyl D-aspartate Receptors Methylating Agents... 

The various stimulants have no obvious chemical relationships and do not share primary neurochemical effects, despite their similar behavioral effects. Cocaines chemical strucmre does not resemble that of caffeine, nicotine, or amphetamine. Cocaine binds to the dopamine reuptake transporter in the central nervous system, effectively inhibiting dopamine reuptake. It has similar effects on the transporters that mediate norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. As discussed later in this chapter in the section on neurochemical actions mediating stimulant reward, dopamine is very important in the reward system of the brain the increase of dopamine associated with use of cocaine probably accounts for the high dependence potential of the drug. 

Engel, J., and Oreland, L., eds. Brain Reward Systems and Abuse. 

QUESTION A possibility that comes to mind is from reading Dr. Larry Stein s work. His theory of a reward system suggests that the cerebral cortex has basically inhibitory behavioral characteristics. And that the reward system, when it is activated, inhibits the cerebral cortex so that there is an inhibition of an inhibitory mechanism, thus releasing behavior. 

ANSWER I think at this point that even Larry Stein would agree that the norepinephrine is probably not the major mediator of the reward systems. 1 think that we have enough evidence to indicate that is not the case. 

QUESTION If the reward system is not being activated, for whatever reason, is dopamine considered to be more of a neurotransmitter of the reward system ... 

QUESTION If anything was preventing a reward system from being operative, you would, perhaps, tend to see this inhibitory effeet behaviorally. With supersensitization, do you have this kind of a eonsequenee to beat the reward system not being activated ... 

Explain the commonalities of action of abused substances on the reward system in the brain. 

FIGURE 33-3. Location of the dopamine neural tracts associated with the reward system in the brain. Data from reference 5. (From http //www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/Teaching/) ... 

Given the low incidence of severe withdrawal symptoms and the modest effects on the mesolimbic dopamine (reward) system, most investigators have found that cannabis has a low abuse or addiction potential. However, it has been argued that if cannabis is a non-addictive substance, why is its use so widespread and why are there so many longterm and heavy users Finally, contrary to the evidence that cannabis can produce chronic tolerance, some regular users report that they require less drug to achieve the same high, or sensitisation (Chapter 3). Three possible explanations may account for this. First, chronic users may focus on the effects that they wish to achieve. Second, the... 

Angrist B (1987). Clinical effects of central nervous system stimulants A selective update. In J Engel and L Oreland (eds), Brain Reward Systems and Abuse. Raven Press, New York. 

Control of feeding behavior involves peripheral peptides (insulin, ghrelin, leptin) plus several peptides in the CNS (orexins/hypocretins, CCK, galanin, MSH, neuropeptide Y, CRH, cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)) [35, 36]. Some of the same peptides are involved in reward systems crucial to drug addiction. Specific receptor blockers are being tested for many of these peptide-receptor systems, with the hope of very selective actins with minimal side effects [35], For example, there are two CCK receptor subtypes, CCK-A and... 

Moncho-Bogani, J., Martinez-Garcia, F., Novejarque, A. and Lanuza, E. (2005) Attraction to sexual pheromones and associated odorants in female mice involves activation of the reward system and basolateral amygdala. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21, 2186-2198. 

Have Sexual Pheromones Their Own Reward System in the Brain of Female Mice ... 

Have Sexual Pheromones Their Own Reward System... 

From the plants point of view, of course, what the bees do with the chemicals does not matter. What is important is that the bees come to gather fragrances and in doing so fulfill the plants needs. This unique reward system uses larger quantities of chemicals than those of other plants, but the consequence is just the same As always, the plants vital goal is getting pollinated. 

In summary, SYSCO was founded upon values that include integrity, reliability, autonomy, quality, and entrepreneurship, which have been the essence of its culture through the company s history. The autonomous, entrepreneurial, decentralized culture with performance-based reward systems has been one of the keys that has made the company successful and was an integral part of the founding fathers vision. 

SYSCO is now driving this incentive reward system down to the truck driver and warehouse employee level. The culture, measurement system, and reward system are integrated, internally consistent, understood by line employees, and motivate the desired behaviors. 

SYSCO s DNA is the seamless integration of its culture, measurement, and reward system. These systems drive and focus behavior. 

Inhaled nicotine is efficiently delivered to the brain (see chapter by Benowitz, this volume) where it selectively interacts with its central targets, the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The multiple subtypes of uAChR (see chapter by Collins et al, this volume) all bind nicotine but with different affinities, depending on the subunit composition of the uAChR. Binding may result in activation or desensitisation of uAChRs, reflecting the temporal characteristics of nicotine dehvery and local concentration of nicotine. Another level of complexity of the actions of nicotine reflects the widespread and non-uniform distribution of uAChR subtypes within the brain, such that nicotine can influence many centrally regulated functions in addition to the reward systems. In this chapter, we address the consequences of nicotine interactions with nAChRs at the molecular, cellular and anatomical levels. We critically evaluate experimental approaches, with respect to their relevance to human smoking, and contrast the acute and chronic effects of nicotine. 

Kenny PJ, Markou A (2005) Conditioned nicotine withdrawal profoundly decreases the activity of brain reward systems. J Neurosci 25 6208-6212... 

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