Residual oils, analysis

Solid sodium nitrite (0.97 g) was added at room temperature with stirring over a period of one hour to a solution of 2-chloro-9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)adenine (0.5 g) in glacial acetic acid (10 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional A A hours. The white solid was removed by filtration, washed with cold acetic acid and then well triturated with cold water to remove the sodium acetate present. The solid product was retained. The combined acetic acid filtrate and wash was evaporated at reduced pressure and 40°C bath temperature and the residual oil triturated with cold water. The resulting solid material was combined with the previously isolated solid and the combined solids dried and recrystallized from ethanol to give 2chloro-9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)+iypoxanthine (0.25 g), MP>310°C. Elemental analysis and NMR spectrum were consistent with this structure. 

The pour point of residual fuel is not the best measure of the low-temperature handling properties of the fuel. Viscosity measurements are considered more reliable. Nevertheless, residual fuels are classed as high pour and low pour fuels. Low-pour-point fuels have a maximum pour point of 60°F (15.5°C). There is no maximum pour point specified for high-pour-point residual fuels. A residual oil paraffin carbon number analysis is provided in FIGURE 3-1. 

Methods and technology were developed to analyze 1000 samples/yr of coal and other pollution-related samples. The complete trace element analysis of 20-24 samples/wk averaged 3-3.5 man-hours/sample. The computerized data reduction scheme could identify and report data on as many as 56 elements. In addition to coal, samples of fly ash, bottom ash, crude oil, fuel oil, residual oil, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, filtered air particulates, ore, stack scrubber water, clam tissue, crab shells, river sediment and water, and corn were analyzed. Precision of the method was 25% based on all elements reported in coal and other sample matrices. Overall accuracy was estimated at 50%. 

In a 50-ml three-necked flask are placed the carboxylic acid (0.01 mol), ethyl polyphosphate (6g, PPE) and purified chloroform (5 ml). The mixture is cooled in an ice bath and the flask is connected to a balloon containing ammonia gas ( 3 litres). Air in the flask is replaced with ammonia and the mixture is mechanically stirred at 0-5 °C for 30 minutes and then at room temperature for one and a half hours whereupon the mixture turns very viscous (1). The balloon is removed and PPE (10 g) is added. The stirring is continued at 80 °C until the reaction is complete (usually within several hours) the dehydration is monitored by t.l.c. analysis (1). The mixture is stirred with aqueous 25 per cent sodium carbonate solution (150 ml), and then extracted with benzene (3 x 40 ml CAUTION). The combined organic extracts are dried with sodium sulphate and evaporated. The residual oil is passed through a short column packed with silica gel ( 20g) and the product eluted with benzene. The eluate is evaporated and the residue purified by short path distillation under reduced pressure (Kugelrohr apparatus). 

Values of VGC near 0.800 indicate an oil of paraffinic character (see paraffin), values close to 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like other indicators of hydrocarbon composition (as opposed to a specific laboratory analysis), VGC should not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils (see bottoms), asphaltic materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of non-hydrocarbons. See Saybolt Universal Viscosity, specific gravity. 

A UHV chamber for LEED studies is evacuated to ultra-high vacuum with a combination of pumps consisting of a turbomolecular pump (backed with an oil-sealed rotary vane pump) and a titanium sublimation pump (TSP). When the chamber is evacuated by both pumps, a total pressure of 4 x 10 9mbar is achieved and residual gas analysis shows that this consists of 50% Ar + 50% H2. 

Successful rotating equipment Predictive Maintenance Programs require several elements. Typical elements include an effective lubrication program with oil analysis to detect residual metal particles, thermography, machine monitoring instrumentation, repair specifications, repair history records, advanced training of mechanics, and the use of data management computers. [10]... 

EC Council (1991) Characteristics of Olive Oil and Olive Residue Oil and on the Relevant Methods of Analysis, Regulation 2568/91. 

EC (European Community) (1991) EC Council Regulation 2568/91 Characteristics of olive oil and olive residue oil and on the relevant methods of analysis. 

In addition to Ro and MF, inert matters of coal such as ash and sulfur, which do not soften and melt, are important properties of coal to be evaluated. The relations between FOB prices of coals from various parts of the world and the above-mentioned factors were analyzed by multiple regression analysis.(3) This permits economic evaluation of coals as raw materials for coke-making. Petroleum residual oils and petroleum coke can similarly be evaluated as raw materials. The most difficult problem here is how to evaluate factors corresponding to Ro and MF in coals.(6) This report presents primarily an estimation of such factors for evaluation. 

Vanadium molecular size distributions in residual oils are measured by size exclusion chromatography with an inductively coupled plasma detector (SEC-ICP). These distributions are then used as input for a reactor model which incorporates reaction and diffusion in cylindrical particles to calculate catalyst activity, product vanadium size distributions, and catalyst deactivation. Both catalytic and non-catalytic reactions are needed to explain the product size distribution of the vanadium-containing molecules. Metal distribution parameters calculated from the model compare well with experimental values determined by electron microprobe analysis, Modelling with feed molecular size distributions instead of an average molecular size results in predictions of shorter catalyst life at high conversion and longer catalyst life at low conversions. 

A basic concept of the catalyst combination system is that pretreatment catalyst, such as HDM catalyst, loaded in the upper section of a reactor removes the deactivation components included in feed residual oils, and it protects the desulfurization catalyst and the hydroconversion catalyst loaded in the latter section of reactor. Several bench plants which had multi-reactor systems and intermediate product sampling systems were operated to investigate the deactivation behavior and metal accumulation of each catalyst. The required temperature and the metal accumulation can be calculated through the analysis of each intermediate product for sulfur levels and metal levels. 

Type D crude oils. These are non-toxic and do not penetrate porous surfaces and are black, heavy, semi-solid, tarry bitumen. They also contain traces of residual oils, heavy crude oils and lighter paraffin oils. Analysis of this type of crude oil for metals content, particularly toxic metals, is important because it is used for road surfacing, roofing, children s playgrounds and other uses that could have environmental concerns. 

To a solution of o>-(2,2-dibromocyclopropyl)alkanol (1.0 mmol) in dry EtjO (5 mL) was slowly added MeLi in EtjO (2.0 mmol) at — 85 °C under Nj. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed up to 0°C over a period of 5 h, and quenched by the addition of H O. After extraction with EtjO, the organic layer was dried (NajSOJ, and concentrated in vacuo. After a capillary GC analysis, the residual oil was subjected to flash chromatography (EtOAc/petroleum ether) to give a mixture of insertion products and allenyl alcohol (if formed). Analytically pure products were obtained after purification by preparative GC. In one case the reaction mixture was quenched by adding benzoyl chloride (1.2 mmol) at 0°C and then stirring further for 14 h at rt. 

A vertically positioned Pyrex tube (1.2 x 40 cm) filled with glass helices was washed with sat. aq NaHCOj, HjO, acetone and hexane. The tube was heated to 450 C and a flow of Nj was established through it. A solution of 3-(l-methylcyclopropyl)cyclohex-2-enone (12.3 g, 82 mmol) in hexane (30 mL) was added dropwise to the column. The Nj flow was maintained throughout the pyrolysis and the thermolysate was trapped at — 78 C. GC analysis of the residue, obtained after evaporation of volatiles from the pyrolysate, indicated that it consisted of a mixture of Ic and its 8,y-unsaturated isomer 2c in a ratio of 3 7. This mixture was treated with MeOH (100 mL) containing a small amount of NaOMe and the resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 0°C. After evaporation of MeOH, the residue was dissolved in EtjO, washed with brine, and dried (MgSO ). Removal of EtjO followed by vacuum distillation of the residual oil gave the title compound yield 10.7 g (87%) bp 55-58 C/0.3 Torr. 

The main objective of surfactant flooding is to reduce residual oil saturation, which is closely related to capillary number. Therefore, the concept of capillary number is discussed first. Analysis of the pore-doublet model yields the following dimensionless grouping of parameters (Moore and Slobod 1955), which is a ratio of the viscous-to-capillary force ... 

Note that the simulation results and simple frontal flow analysis show that the final oil recovery factor is similar even though a chemical flood is started at different initial oil saturations. However, more water is needed to displace the residual oil because it will be easier for the remaining oil to be trapped or bypassed by displacing fluids to lose oil phase continuity if the initial oil saturation is lower. Therefore, in reality, when a chemical flood is started at a higher oil saturation, a higher oil recovery factor is expected because the production will be stopped at an economic water cut. 

To establish a baseline for the alkaline-polymer flooding, the operator used several empirical correlations and reservoir simulation to estimate the water-flood recovery factor, which was 50%. To study residual oil saturahon distribution, the operator used several approaches such as pressure coring, C/O logging, core wafer, and waterflood performance analysis. Finahy, all data were integrated into a simulahon model to output the residual oil saturation distribuhon. The average residual oil saturahon was 0.33. The gas cap shrank and existed only in the north area to Wells X19 and X35. This area was far away from the AP flooding area so that it was not affected by AP. 

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