Monitoring instruments

Provide redundant independent temperature monitoring instrumentation... 

The assessor should also find out whether an effective testing program is in place to help ensure the serviceability of process measurement equipment. The successful toller should have an established calibration program to address the accuracy of critical measurement equipment. Safety critical process parameters should be monitored and critical process equipment should automatically interlock when monitoring instrumentation detects safety critical deviations. Interlocks should either facilitate a remedy to the critical deviation or bring the process to the zero energy state. These instruments and interlocking devices should be routinely tested to ensure operational reliability. 

Lube oil level in the reservoir should be monitored by a sensing deviee to indieate low lube oil level. Loeal and panel-mounted pressure gauges are neeessary to monitor operation of the lube oil system and must be ineluded in the manufaeturer s seope of supply. The purehaser must distinguish between eontrol room instrumentation and instruments mounted on a stand-alone (loeal) panel. There is also a tendeney to plaee monitoring instruments on auxiliary equipment and piping. While this may eost less, it often eomplieates tlie operator s surveillanee tasks. 

None of the foregoing methods will tell the frequency or duration of exposure of any receptor to irritant or odorous gases when each such exposure may exceed the irritation or odor response threshold for only minutes or seconds. The only way that such an exposure can be measured instrumentally is by an essentially continuous monitoring instrument, the record from which will yield not only this kind of information but also all the information required to assess hourly, daUy, monthly, and annual phenomena. Continuous monitoring techniques may be used at a particular location or involve remote sensing techniques. 

Profieieney in use of monitoring instruments, as warranted Current 40-hour, 8-hour refresher, and 8-hour HAZWOPER training for supervisors... 

Each worksite may use various kinds of monitoring instrumentation to identify and measure levels of different types of hazards that may be present. These are discussed in greater detail in the next section. 

Wliatever type of monitoring instrumentation is employed it should be operated, ealibrated, and maintained in aeeordanee with all reeom-mended manufaeturer speeifieations. A eopy of the operating manual should be maintained in elose proximity to the equipment and should be ineluded as an appendix to the safety plan. Those who are operating the equipment should be trained adequately and understand the limitations of that equipment. The operator should know the eontents of the manufaeturer s manual and be able to answer questions about that equipment. 

Are the maintenanee and ealibration proeedures for the sampling and monitoring instrumentation adequate to assure aeeurate results [OSHA Referenee. 120(h)(1)]... 

Is monitoring being routinely eondueted for the indieator substanees identified in the SAHP [OSHA Referenee. 120(b)(4)(ii)(E)] Does the SAHP eontain speeifie proeedures to respond to overexposures deteeted from monitoring [OSHA Referenee. 120(h)(1)] Are there up-to-date maintenanee and ealibration logs for all sampling and monitoring instruments [OSHA Referenee. 120(h)(1)]... 

The evaluation methods could be direct, e.g., measuring a containment index, or indirect, e.g., measuring pressure loss or velocity distribution. The direct methods are used to measure the performance of a hood or an inlet during periodic preventive maintenance. Indirect methods are used for verifying or checking on a daily basis (routine checks). How often each method is used depends on the availability of instrumentation and qualified personnel, since direct measurement of a hood s performance can be both expensive and difficult. On the other hand, indirect methods are usually easier to use and can sometimes include inexpensive, continuously monitoring instruments (pressure gauges or velocity indicators). 

For some hood types, measurements usually seen as indirect method, are used to measure the hood s performance to determine regulatory compliance. For example, regulations specify minimum and maximum face velocities for laboratory fume hoods and static pressure (negative) inside enclosed hoods. Continuously monitoring instruments can be connected to alarms that sound when the measurement is outside the specified limits. 

Generally, the driver and bullgear speed is 3600 rpm or less and the pinion speeds are as high as 60,000 rpm (see Figure 44.8). These machines are produced as a package with the entire machine-train mounted on a common foundation that also includes a panel with control and monitoring instrumentation. 

Computers have impacted significantly on corrosion monitoring instrumentation and data managementCableless corrosion monitoring utilising radio techniques has recently become available . 

Installation qualification involves performing checks to ensure that the correct equipment or system has been installed and/or connected, including all necessary controls, monitors, instrumentation, or ancillary services. These checks should include verification that relevant operator manuals or instructions have been received from the supplier and that any applicable calibration steps have been identified. 

Gas detectors and other monitoring instrumentation to provide early warning of hazardous material releases... 

Air-Classification Measurement Electronic airborne particle monitoring instruments count and size particulate matter in the sampled air with no consideration of whether the particles are viable or nonviable. Air classification is defined as the number of particles per cubic foot of air that are larger than 0.5 pm in diameter. Climet and HIAC-Royco are common instruments for airborne particulate monitoring). 

More reliable and durable instrumentation. Temperature monitoring instrumentation needs to have life extensions beyond current 30 to 45 days. Furthermore, automated on-line feed (for fuel switching purposes) and on-line product analysis instrumentation are needed. 

The animal s movements (walking, jumping) while on the flat surface of the cart are evaluated quantitatively on a scale of 1 (hypoactive) to 5 (hyperactive), with 3 being the normal state. The data can be upgraded to interval data if one has and utilizes one of the electromagnetic activity-monitoring instruments. 

Most of the monitoring instruments specified in the GATS design package are simple and reliable, having been used extensively in the chemical industry. Control valves and monitors for temperature and pressure, as well as distributed control systems and PLCs, have also been widely used in industry. 

Similarly, in a paper by Sonnleitner,29 many of the instruments available for monitoring bioprocesses are described. He discusses various conventional and nonconventional monitoring instruments and evaluates them for usefulness and benefits, also discussing their pitfalls. 

Methods of measuring the components of photochemical smog are reviewed in Chapter 6. There have been significant advances in the calibration of instruments for monitoring ozone in ambient air. A method based on the absorption of ultraviolet radiation at 254 nm has been adopted by California for the calibration of air monitoring instruments. The method is based on the use of a commercially available instrument that measures ultraviolet absorption as a transfer standard in the calibration process. 

For reliable calibrations, it was necessary to develop a stable and reproducible ozone source that could produce ozone in air at concentrations smaller than parts per million. After this was accomplished, several different versions were engineered they are now available commercially from vendors of most ozone-monitoring instruments. The factors affecting the production and survival of oxygen species other than ozone are discussed in Chapter 12. Care must be taken to prevent these species from creating interference when ozone is generated for instrument calibration. 

Similar conclusions were recently reported both by Hodgeson et al. and by Paur. These findings provide further validation of the ultraviolet method for calibrating air monitoring instruments and establish gas-phase titration as an alternative primary reference method. 

Air Pollution Control I trict—County of Los Angeles. Ozone Calibration Procedure for Monitoring Instruments (Titrimetric Method). Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District—County of Los Angeles, 1975. IS pp. 

---