Oils analysis

Smith, H.M. (1940), "Correlation index to aid interpreting crude oil analysis". US Bureau of Mines, techn. paper No. 610, p. 54. 

First of all, one should note that refining a low cost raw material into low or medium added value products requires extremely delicate optimization. It is out of the question to give them much more than the specifications require thus highlighting the importance of being able to predict the various product yields and qualities that a given crude oil can supply. A profound understanding of crude oils appears therefore indispensable. That is the role of crude oil analysis, an operation traced in part to refining, with the... 

Lube oil analysis shows eorrosion faetor inerease... 

A. Mosandl, C. Askari, U. Hener, D. Juchelka, D. Eehmann, P Kreis, C. Motz, U. Palm and H.-G. Schmarx, Chirality evaluation in flavour and essential oil analysis , Chirality 4 50-55 (1992). 

Five to 10 c.c. of the oil are shaken in a Hirschsohn fiask, as used for cassia oil analysis, with a 5 per cent, solution of caustic soda, until absorption is complete, and the unabsorbed oil driven into the neck cf the flask by more of the solution and its volume read off. The difference between the original amount of oil used and the unabsorbed portion may be taken as phenols. Strictly speaking, this method gives a volume percentage, which can be converted into a weight percentage if the specific gravities of the two portions of the oil be known. 

Lubricating oil analysis, as the name implies, is an analysis technique that determines the condition of lubricating oils used in mechanical and electrical equipment. It is not a tool for determining the operating condition of machinery. Some forms of lubricating oil analysis will provide an accurate quantitative breakdown of individual chemical elements, both oil additive and contaminates, contained in the oil. A comparison of the amount of trace metals in successive oil samples can indicate wear patterns of oil wetted parts in plant equipment and will provide an indication of impending machine failure. 

The full benefit of oil analysis can only be achieved by taking frequent samples trending the data for each machine in the plant. It can provide a wealth of information on which to base maintenance decisions. However, major payback is rarely possible without a consistent program of sampling. 

Oil analysis has become an important aid to preventive maintenance. Laboratories recommend that samples of machine lubricant be taken at scheduled intervals to determine the condition of the lubricating film that is critical to machine-train operation. Typically eleven tests are conducted on lube oil samples ... 

Particle count tests are important to anticipating potential system or machine problems. This is especially true in hydraulic systems. The particle count analysis made a part of a normal lube oil analysis is quite different from wear particle analysis. In this test, high particle counts indicate that machinery may be wearing abnormally or that failures may occur because of temporarily or permanently blocked orifices. No attempt is made to determine the wear patterns, size and other factors that would identify the failure mode within the machine. 

Spectrographic analysis allows accurate, rapid measurements of many of the elements present in lubricating oil. These elements are generally classified as wear metals, contaminates, or additives. Some elements can be listed in more than one of these classifications. Standard lubricating oil analysis does not attempt to determine the specific failure modes of developing machine-train problems. Therefore, additional techniques must be used as part of a comprehensive predictive maintenance program. 

Wear particle analysis is related to oil analysis only in that the particles to be studied are collected through drawing a sample of lubricating oil. Where lubricating oil analysis determines the actual condition... 

Simple lubricating oil analysis by a testing laboratory will range from about 20 to 50 per sample. Standard... 

Numerous stationary phases were investigated by Callahan et al. [135] but only OV-101 separated C14 5-sultone from the C14 unsaturated-y/2-chloro-y-sultone combination and also separated these from other components present in the sample. Apiezon L separated all three sultones of interest but other components in the neutral oil interfered with the C14 unsaturated y-sultone. Additional stationary phases were found which will separate these sultones, but again, interfering components preclude their use for neutral oil analysis. 

The overall usefulness of terpene data for defining geographical races is shown in the comparison of profiles of eastern and western white spruce (see von Rudloff, 1975, for specific citations). Leaf oil analysis revealed consistent differences in... 

Canigueral, S., R. Vila, G. Vicario, X. Tomas and T. Adzet. 1994. Chemometrics and essential oil analysis chemical polymorphism in two Thymus species. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22 307-315. 

Volatade leaf oil analysis in chemosystematic studies of North American conifers. 

MALDI, which is LDI utilizing a particular sample preparation). Although the performance of MALDI is superior to LDI in the analysis of many groups of compounds, LDI is still the perferred choice in some important applications, including cmde oil analysis [155], fullerene detection in rocks [156], atmospheric aerosol analysis [157], semiconductors, and surface analysis [158]. Reference 21 is a comprehensive review of the use of LDI (and several other ion sources) in analysis of inorganics. 

Treatment of a solution of 55cCu(OTf)2 complex with a stoichiometric amount of PhI=NTs in CH2C12 resulted in rapid uptake of the insoluble iodinane. This complex, when treated with styrene, provided aziridine in quantitative yield in the same selectivity (37% ee) as the catalytic reaction (in CH2C12 at 25°C, 36% ee), Eq. 59. Addition of toluene at -78°C resulted in deposition of the complex as an oil. Analysis of the supernatant liquid revealed that <5% Phi was present, suggesting that the iodobenzene was still part of the complex. Unfortunately, this material resisted repeated attempts at crystallization. Whatever its true nature, it seems that this complex is not a classical copper nitrenoid (77). 

Formdbek V, Kubeczka KH, Essential Oils Analysis by Capillary Gas Chromatography and Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy, John Wiley Sons, Chichester, Great Britain, 1982. 

Mosandl A, Authenticity assessment A permanent challenge in food flavor and essential oil analysis, / Chromatogr Sci 42 440—449, 2004. 

Maas B, Dietrich A, Mosandl A, Enantioselective capillary gas chromatography — Olfactometry in essential oil analysis, Naturwissenschafien 80 470 72,1993. 

Spencer, G. F., Plattner, R. D., and Miwa, T. (1977). Jojoba oil analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Am. Oil Chemists Soc. 54,187-189. 

ECN (effective carbon number), 689, 690, 708 Edible oils analysis, 636, 701 autoxidation, 614, 623, 661-2 peroxide value, 657, 658, 660-3 EDTA... 

No generally accepted method of classifying crude oil exists. What is termed ultimate crude oil analysis describes the composition as a percentage of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Also, a chemical analysis is performed which describes the composition as a percentage of paraffinic-, naphthenic-, and aromatic-type compounds. 

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