Metal accumulation

It will also be important to understand the rhizosphere ecology around the roots of metal accumulating plants fully. Maximizing the bioavailabihty of the contaminant metals in this zone may require the optimization of the microbial communities, or perhaps the addition of soil amendments. There are early indications that such intervention may be beneficial (88), but research in this area is at a very early stage. 

Sorption. Most organics are sorbed to a very small degree on the biofloc, ie, < 2 percent. Exceptions are the nondegradable pesticide Lindane, other pesticides, and PCBs. Heavy metals will complex with the ceU wall and precipitate within the floe. Metal accumulation will increase with increasing sludge age. 

Use of Plants to Monitor Heavy Metals in Ereshwaters [Methods based on Metal Accumulation and on Techniques other than Accumulation], 1991... 

The first case is based on a hypothetical stream receiving a metal-poUuted source (for instance the outlet of a metal factory). In this case, metal concentration is expected to be driven by dilution, being higher under low-flow than under base-flow conditions and minimum during floods. Metal accumulation is expected to be maximum under low-flow conditions and proportional to the duration of this water scarcity situation. Chronic exposure will lead to community adaptation, which is often related to changes in species composition. Metals will therefore be bioaccumulated in fluvial biofihns and transferred to higher trophic levels in the fluvial food web. 

Suns K, Hitchin G, Loescher B, Pastorek E, Pearce R. 1987. Metal accumulations in fishes from Muskoka-Haliburton lakes in Ontario (1978-1984). Rexdale, Ontario, Canada Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Technical Report. 38 p. 

Canli M, Furness RW. 1993. Toxicity of heavy metals dissolved in sea water and influences of sex and size on metal accumulation and tissue distribution in the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). Mar Environ Res 36 217-236. 

Gaines KF, Romanek CS, Boring CS, Lord CG, Gochfeld M, Burger J. 2002. Using raccoons as an indicator species for metal accumulation across trophic levels — a stable isotope approach. J WUdl Manage 66 811-821. 

Wren CD. 1986. A review of metal accumulation and toxicity in wild mammals. 1. Mercury. Environ Res 40 1737-1744. 

Llacuna, S., Gorriz, A., Sanpera, C., and Nadal, J. 1995. Metal accumulation in three species of passerine birds (Emberiza cia, Parus major, and Turdus merula) subjected to air-pollution from a coal-fired power plant. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 28 298-303. 

McBride M.B. Toxic metal accumulation from agricultural use of sludge Are USEPA regulations protective J Environ Qual 1995 24 5-18. 

Reeves R.D., Baker A.J.M. Metal-accumulating Plants. In Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals Using Plants to Clean Up the Environment, I. Raskin, B.D. Ensley, eds. New York, NY John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2000. 

One of the main concerns for resid HDT catalysts is the life cycle, since it is shorten by the deactivating reactions (formation of ammonia, from HDN coke from poor hydrogenation, and metals accumulation from demetallization, etc.) and the complexity of the... 

Klaus-Joerger,T., Joerger, R., Olsson, E. and Granqvist, C. (2001) Bacteria as workers in the living factory metal accumulating bacteria and their potential in material science. Trends in Biotechnology, 19, 15—20. 

Tobin JM, White C, Gadd GM (1994) Metal accumulation by fungi applications in environmental biotechnology. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 13 126-130... 

Surface-water samples are usually collected manually in precleaned polyethylene bottles (from a rubber or plastic boat) from the sea, lakes, and rivers. Sample collection is performed in the front of the bow of boats, against the wind. In the sea, or in larger inland lakes, sufficient distance (about 500 m) in an appropriate wind direction has to be kept between the boat and the research vessel to avoid contamination. The collection of surface water samples from the vessel itself is impossible, considering the heavy metal contamination plume surrounding each ship. Surface water samples are usually taken at 0.3-1 m depth, in order to be representive and to avoid interference by the air/water interfacial layer in which organics and consequently bound heavy metals accumulate. Usually, sample volumes between 0.5 and 21 are collected. Substantially larger volumes could not be handled in a sufficiently contamination-free manner in subsequent sample pretreatment steps. 

Favero, N., F. Cattalini, D. Bertaggia, and V. Albergoni. 1996. Metal accumulation in a biological indicator (Ulva rigida) from the lagoon of Venice (Italy). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31 9-18. 

Pringle, B.H., D.E. Hissong, E.L. Katz, and S.T. Mulawka. 1968. Trace metal accumulation by estuarine mollusks. Jour. Sanit. Engin. Div. 94 SA3 455-475. 

Shuster, C.N., Jr. and B.H. Pringle. 1969. Trace metal accumulation by the American Oyster, Crassostrea virginica. 1968 Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assoc. 59 91-103. 

Hall, R.J. and B.M. Mulhem. 1984. Are anuran amphibians heavy metal accumulators Pages 123-133 in R.A. Seigel, L.E. Hunt, J.L. Knight, L. Malaret, and N.L. Zuschlag (eds.). Vertebrate Ecology and Systematics —A Tribute to Henry S. Fitch. Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas, Lawrence. 

Balogh, K.V. and Z. Mastala. 1994. The influence of size and glochidia bearing upon the heavy metal accumulation in gills of Anodonta piscinalis (Nilss.). Chemosphere 28 1539-1550. 

Dodds-Smith, M.E., M.S. Johnson, and D.J. Thompson. 1992a. Trace metal accumulation by the shrew Sorex araneus. I. Total body burden, growth, and mortahty. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 24 102-117. 

Holwerda, D.A. 1991. Cadmium kinetics in freshwater clams. V. Cadmium-copper interaction in metal accumulation by Anodonta cygnea and characterization of the metal-binding protein. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21 432 137. 

Karez, C.S., V.F. Magalhaes, and W.C. Pfeiffer. 1994. Trace metal accumulation by algae in Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. Environ. Pollut. 83 351-356. 

Pelgrom, S.M.G.J., L.P.M. Lamers, J.A.M. Garritsen, B.M. Pels, R.A.C. Lock, P.H.M. Balm, and S.E.W. Bonga. 1994. Interactions between copper and cadmium during single and combined exposure in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus influence of feeding condition on whole body metal accumulation and the effect of the metals on tissue water and ion content. Aquat. Toxicol. 30 117-135. 

Playle, R.C., D.G. Dixon, and K. Bumison. 1993b. Copper and cadmium binding to fish gills estimates of metal-gill stability constants and modelling of metal accumulation. Canad. Jour. Fish Aquat. Sci. 50 2678-2687. 

Powell, M.L. and K.N. White. 1990. Heavy metal accumulation by barnacles and its implications for their use as biological monitors. Mar. Environ. Res. 30 91-118. 

St. Louis, V.L., L. Breebaart, J.C. Barlow, and J.F. Klaverkamp. 1993. Metal accumulation and metallothionein concentrations in tree swallow nestlings near acidified lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 1203-1207. 

Kock, G., M. Triendl, and R. Hofer. 1995b. Seasonal patterns of metal accumulation in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from an oligotrophic Alpine lake related to temperature. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53 780-786. 

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