Reaction application

Hase W L 1994 Simulations of gas-phase chemical reactions applications to S j2 nucleophilic substitution Science 266 998-1002... 

It has to be emphasized that these formal reaction schemes of Figures 3-13, 3-15, and 3-16 have the potential to discover novel reactions. Application of these bond- and electron-shifting schemes to specific molecules and bonds may correspond to a known reaction but may also model a completely novel reaction. 

This reaction, applicable only to the preparation of hydroxy-aldehydee, is alternative to the Gattermann aldehyde reaction (or the Adams modification of it) given under 4. The yields are usually smaller, but a large quantity of the phenol may be recovered. The following mechanism is consistent with the known facts ... 

A. Kleemaim and R. Wagner, Glycidol Properties, Reactions, Applications, Dr. Alfred Huthig Vedag, Heidelberg, Basel, New York, 1981. 

Vibrofluidizatlon It is possible to fluidize a bed mechanically by imposing vibration to throw the particles upward cychcaUy. This enables the bed to operate with either no gas upward velocity or reduced gas flow. Entrainment can also be greatly reduced compared to unaided fluidization. The technique is used commercially in drying and other applications [Mujumdar and Erdesz, Drying Tech., 6, 255-274 (1988)], and chemical reaction applications are possible. See Sec. 12 for more on diying applications of vibrofluidization. 

Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry, 8th edn., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Silicon Suppl. B2, 1984, 312 pp. See also Suppl. Bl, 1986, 545 pp. for further information on occurrence of SiC in nature, its manufacture, chemical reactions, applications, etc. 

It has been more difficult to obtain the exo isomer in the above described reaction. Application of the TiCl2-TADDOLate complex induced fair exo selectivity and up to 60% ee. This was improved by the application of succinimide as an auxiliary for the alkene. This approach has been the only entry to a highly exo selective reaction and up to 72% ee of the exo isomer was obtained. In the Pd(BF4)2-BI-NAP-catalyzed reaction which gave mixtures of the endo and exo isomers, high ee of up to 93% was in a single case obtained for the minor exo isomer. In one case it was also observed that a Zn(OTf)2-BOX complex induced some exo selectivity and up to 82% ee of the exo isomer. 

Dihydropyrones as dienophiles in the Diels-Alder reaction application to the synthesis of 1-oxadecalones [158]... 

The cause of the rate acceleration by diethyl ether solutions of lithium perchlorate in organic reactions. Application to high pressure synthesis [35c] o O,... 

Reactions applicable to both aldehyde and ketone starting materials are in many cases illustrated by an example that uses only one of them. Likewise, many citations for reactions found in the Aldehyde-X sections, will include examples that could be placed in the Ketone-X section. Again the choice is dictated by the paper where the reaction was found. 

Steffan RJ, RM Atlas (1991) Polymerase chain reactions, applications in environmental microbiology. Annu... 

Kaneko, S., et al. (1990). Detection of hepatitis B vims DNA in semm by polymerase chain reaction. Application for clinical diagnosis. Gastrology 99,799-804. 

Hill, W. E. The polymerase chain reaction Applications for the detection of food-borne pathogens. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 1996, 36,123-173. 

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