Polymerase chain reaction applications

Steffan RJ, RM Atlas (1991) Polymerase chain reactions, applications in environmental microbiology. Annu... 

Kaneko, S., et al. (1990). Detection of hepatitis B vims DNA in semm by polymerase chain reaction. Application for clinical diagnosis. Gastrology 99,799-804. 

Hill, W. E. The polymerase chain reaction Applications for the detection of food-borne pathogens. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 1996, 36,123-173. 

Adler M. Hapten labeling of nucleic acids for immuno-polymerase chain reaction applications, bioconjugation protocols Strategies and methods. In Niemeyer CM, editor. Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press, 2004 163-180. 

W9. Williams, S. D., and Kwok, S., Polymerase chain reaction Applications for viral detection. In Laboratory Diagnosis of Infections (E. H. Lennette, ed.), pp. 147-173. Dekker, New York, 1991. 

Rl. Raja, S., Luketich, J. D., Kelly, L. A., Gooding, W. E., Finkelstein, S. D., and Godfrey, T. E., Rapid, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction Application to intraoperative molecular detection of occult metastases in esophageal cancer. /. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 123, 475-483 (2002). 

Hamamoto T, Kawasaki M, Kurosawa N, Nakaoka T, Lee YC, et al. Two step single primer mediated polymerase chain reaction. Application to cloning of putative mouse, beta-galacto-side alpha2,6-sialyltransferase cDNA. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1993 1 141-145. 

DNA analysis, performance of polymerase chain reactions, clinical assays for pH, enzymes, proteins, oxygen etc., trace pollution monitoring and other sorts of biological analyzes are at the focus of recent developments [5]. Another reference lists environmental monitoring (including speciation), clinical monitoring, and quality control in production processes as applications of pTAS equipment in chemical analysis [30]. 

Auroux et al. give an up-to-date description of the application of pTAS components and systems, including cell culture and cell handling, immunoassays, DNA separation and analysis, polymerase chain reactions, and sequencing [43] (see also [44] for a description of the pTAS components and systems). 

Kasai K, Nakamura Y and White R 1990) Amplification of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) locus (pMCTii8) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its application to forensic science. ] For Sci 35 1196-1200. 

Apart from the traditional organic and combinatorial/high-throughput synthesis protocols covered in this book, more recent applications of microwave chemistry include biochemical processes such as high-speed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [2], rapid enzyme-mediated protein mapping [3], and general enzyme-mediated organic transformations (biocatalysis) [4], Furthermore, microwaves have been used in conjunction with electrochemical [5] and photochemical processes [6], and are also heavily employed in polymer chemistry [7] and material science applications [8], such as in the fabrication and modification of carbon nanotubes or nanowires [9]. 

J.R. Uhl, C.A. Bell, L.M. Sloan, M.J. Espy, T.F. Smith, J.E. Rosenblatt and F.R. Cockerill, Application of rapid-cycle real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of microbial pathogens the Mayo-Roche rapid anthrax test, Mayo Clin. Proc., 77 (2002) 673-680. 

Many other factors, including applicable advances in recombinant DNA technology and impetus provided by the Human Genome Project, also have contributed to important permutations of methodology and applications, such as polymerase chain reaction- (PCR)-ISH (6) and spectral karyotyping (5). 

Komminoth, P. and Long, A. A. (1993) In situ polymerase chain reaction. An overview of methods, applications and limitation of a new molecular technique. Virchows Arch. 64,67-73. 

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Mullis, is a simple and most effective way of amplifying, i.e. producing multiple copies of, a DNA sequence. It finds applications in all sorts of areas not immediately associated with nucleic acid biochemistry, e.g. genetic screening, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and evolutionary biology. The general public is now well aware of the importance... 

Recently, another interesting application of nitrilases has been demonstrated for the synthesis of pregabalin-the API of the neurophatic pain drug Lyrica. In this approach, the key step is the resolution of racemic isobutylsuccinonitrile (Scheme 10.8) [18], the process takes place with total regio- and stereoselectivity, and the (S)-acid is obtained and the (R)-substrate can be recycled under basic conditions. To improve the biocatalytic step, directed evolution was applied using the electronic polymerase chain reaction and in the first round of evolution a single C236S mutation led to a mutant with 3-fold increase in activity [19]. 

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