Standards quality

This type of contract requires the operator to pay a fixed amount to the contractor upon completion of the well, while the contractor furnishes all the material and labour and handles the drilling operations independently. The difficulty with this approach Is to ensure that a quality well Is delivered to the company since the drilling contractor will want to drill as quickly and cheaply as possible. The contractor therefore should guarantee an agreed measurable quality standard for each well. The guarantee should specify remedial actions which will be implemented should a substandard well be delivered. 

COLORANTS FORFOOD,DRUGS,COSTffiTICS AND TffiDICALDEVICES] (Vol 6) NAAQS. See National Ambient Air Quality Standard. 

Table 3. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants ...

Ain pollution (qv), lecognized in the National Ambient Aii Quality Standards (NAAQS) as being chaiactetized by a time—dosage lelationship, is defined as the presence in the atmosphere (or ambient ain) of one or more contaminants of such quantity and duration as may be injutious to human, plants, or animal life, property, or conduct of business (1,2). Thus, ain pollutants may be rendered less harmhil by reducing the concentration of contaminants, the exposure time, or both. 

FDA Quality Standards. Although standards for many dmgs and biologicals are included in the USP—NF, and for many food additives in the FCC, the FDA also estabhshes some specifications of its own. In the dmg field, specifications and testing methods for antibiotics and biologicals are set by the FDA. Also, specifications and testing methods are prescribed for colorants. Many food-additive petitions are granted with the requirement that certain specifications are met. 

United States Congress, Public Eaw 101-549, MnMct toMmend the Clean Air Met to Provide for Attainment and Maintenance of Health Protective National Ambient Air Quality Standards, andfor Other Purposes, Nov. 15,1990. 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Under the Clean Air Act, six criterion pollutants, ie, pollutants of special concern, have been estabhshed by the EPA sulfur oxides (SO ), particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO ), o2one (photochemical oxidants), and lead. National Ambient Air QuaUty Standards (NAAQS) were developed by EPA based on threshold levels of air pollution below which no adverse effects could be experienced on human health or the environment. 

Water Quality Standards. Water quaUty standards are usually based on one of two primary criteria, stream standards or effluent standards. Stream standards are based on dilution requirements for the receiving water quaUty based on a threshold value of specific pollutants or a beneficial use of the water. Effluent standards are based on the concentration of pollutants that can be discharged or on the degree of treatment required. 

Design conditions range in pressures from full vacuum to 96.5 bar g and in temperatures from —269°C to 200°C. This is accomphshed meeting the quality standards of most pressure vessel codes. 

ERA promulgated the basic set of current ambient air-quality standards in April 1971. The specific regulated pollutants were particulates, sulfur dioxide, photochemical oxidants, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. In 1978, lead was added. Table 25-1 enumerates the present standards. 

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Of aU the federal laws placing environmental controls on industiy (and, in particular, on new plants), perhaps the most confusing and restrictive are the limits imposed for the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) of air quahty. These limits apply to areas of the countiy that are already cleaner than required by ambient air-quality standards. This regula-toiy framework evolved from judicial and administrative ac tion under the 1970 Clean Air Act and subsequently was given full statutoiy foundation by the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments. 

TABLE 25-1 National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards... 

In 1965 the Water Quahty Act established a new trend in water pollution control. It provided that the states set water quality standards in accordance with federal guidelines. If the states f ed to do so, the standards would be set by the federal government subject to a review hearing. In 1966, the Clean Water Restoration Act transferred the Feder Water Pollution Control Administration from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare to the Department of the Interior. It also gave the Interior Department the responsibility for the Oil Pollution Act. 

Table 3 Environmental quality standards and objectives for agricultural pesticides ...

For the customer to ascertain the capability of a producer to deliver goods or services to the required standards it is essential for the producer to have all documents that establish his or her competence to deliver the goods or services, according to the prescribed Quality Standards. These documents may cover... 

Tea bags which are available in the pharmacy must conform to the following quality standards ... 

This first example applies to UK industry in general. The turnover for UK manufacturing industry was in the order of 150 billion in 1990 (Smith, 1990). If the total quality cost for a business was likely to be somewhere in the region of 20%, with failure costs at approximately 50% of the total, it is likely that about 15 billion was wasted in defects and failures. A 10% improvement in failure costs would have released an estimated 1.5 billion into the economy. IBM, the computer manufacturer, estimated that they were losing about 5.6 billion in 1986 owing to costs of non-conformance and its failure to meet quality standards set for its products and... 

The adoption of quality standards is only a first step in the realization of quality produets as is the aeeeptanee and implementation of a fundamental design method. Tools and teehniques also provide useful aids in the proeess of quality improvement, but they do not ensure produet quality (Andersson, 1994). The implementation of an effeetive produet development proeess is the pivotal means of driving all the requirements and proeesses involved in produeing a quality produet. 

Public Law 101-549, 101st Congress. November 15, 1990, an Act, to amend the Clean Air Act to provide for attainment and maintenance of health protective national ambient ait quality standards, and for other purposes. 

It may be desirable to curtail transport of pollution to areas whose air is presently quite clean, even though, after such transport, the air quality of the area would be considerably cleaner than would be required by air quality standards. This concept is called prevention of significant deterioration of the air quality in such areas. It requires definition of how much deterioration can be considered insignificant. 

Because a filter sample includes particles both larger and smaller than those retained in the human respiratory system (see Chapter 7, Section III), other types of samplers are used which allow measurement of the size ranges of particles retained in the respiratory system. Some of these are called dichotomous samplers because they allow separate measurement of the respirable and nonrespirable fractions of the total. Size-selective samplers rely on impactors, miniature cyclones, and other means. The United States has selected the size fraction below an aerodynamic diameter of 10 /xm (PMiq) for compliance with the air quality standard for airborne particulate matter. 

NR = No index values reported at concentration levels below those specified by "alert level" criteria (Table 5-1). Annual primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard. 

The relationship of these response curves to ambient air quality is shown by lines A, B, and C, which represent the maximum or any other chose percentile line from a display such as Fig. 4-10, which shows actual air quality. Where the air quality is poor (line A), essentially all the adverse effects displayed will occur. Where the air quality is good (line C), most of the intermediate and long-term adverse effects displayed will not occur. Where the air quality is between good and poor, some of the intermediate and long-term adverse effects will occur, but in an attenuated form compared with those of poor air quality. These concepts will be referred to later in this text when air quality standards are discussed. 

There are several different strategies for air pollution control. The strategy just discussed and shown in Fig. 5-1 is called the air quality management strategy. It is distinguished from other strategies by its primary reliance on the development and promulgation of ambient air quality standards. 

---