Requirements definition

Several additional terms related to the absorption of x-radiation require definition energy of a x-ray photon is properly represented in joules but more conveniently reported in eV fluence is the sum of the energy in a unit area intensity or flux is the fluence per unit time and the exposure is a measure of the number of ions produced in a mass of gas. The unit of exposure in medicine is the Rn ntgen, R, defined as the quantity of radiation required to produce 2.58 x C/kg of air. The absorbed dose for a tissue is a measure of energy dissipated per unit mass. The measure of absorbed dose most... 

Requirements definition - Where designers require tighter tolerances than normal, they must find out how this can be achieved, which secondary processes/process... 

Before setting about the task of developing such a model, the product development process requires definition along with an indication of its key stages, this is so the appropriate tools and techniques can be applied (Booker et al., 1997). In the approach presented here in Figure 5.11, the product development phases are activities generally defined in the automotive industry (Clark and Fujimoto, 1991). QFD Phase 1 is used to understand and quantify the importance of customer needs and requirements, and to support the definition of product and process requirements. The FMEA process is used to explore any potential failure modes, their likely Occurrence, Severity and Detectability. DFA/DFM techniques are used to minimize part count, facilitate ease of assembly and project component manufacturing and assembly costs, and are primarily aimed at cost reduction. 

QFD should be applied at the start of produet development to help understand and quantify eustomer requirements and support the definition of produet requirements, giving an overall pieture of the requirements definition throughout the produet development proeess. Other tools and teehniques ean be used in eonjunetion with it, for example Pareto ehart, histogram, or data eoming out of the FMEA ean be fed baek at an early stage. 

It may be desirable to curtail transport of pollution to areas whose air is presently quite clean, even though, after such transport, the air quality of the area would be considerably cleaner than would be required by air quality standards. This concept is called prevention of significant deterioration of the air quality in such areas. It requires definition of how much deterioration can be considered insignificant. 

In parallel with the new approaches to generating capacity additions, the utilities, with encouragement from regulators, introduced incentives during the 1980s for reducing load demand. Since the system peak hour load provided the inertia for capacity requirement definition, shaving of the peak became the focus of these incentives. 

Summary. In summary, when modeling with the fugacity concept, all equilibria can be treated by Z values (one for each compartment) and all reaction, advection and transport processes can be treated by D values. The only other quantities requiring definition are compartment volumes and emission rates or initial concentrations. A major advantage is that since all D quantities are in equivalent units they can be compared directly and the dominant processes identified. By converting diverse processes such as volatilization, sediment deposition, fish uptake and stream flow into identical units, their relative importance can be established directly and easily. Further, algebraic manipulation... 

Besides critical temperature, another term requires definition, that is, critical pressure which is the pressure which must be exerted on a gas cooled to its critical temperature to produce liquefaction. 

Nowhere is the effect of anthropogenic stress felt more than in the development of natural resources of the Earth. Natural resources are varied in nature and often require definition. Eor example, in relation to mineral resources, for which there is also descriptive nomenclature (ASTM C294), the terms related to the available quantities of the resource must be defined. In this instance, the term resource refers to the total amount of the mineral that has been estimated to be available ultimately. The term reserves refers to well-identified resources that can profitably be extracted and utilized by means of existing technology. In many countries, fossil fuel resources are often classified as a subgroup of the total mineral resources. 

Rule 3 Do not use an abbreviated term before it has been defined (unless it is a term that does not require definition). 

The SDCI calculations are somewhat more involved in calculations of atomic real-space core-valence partitioning models because of the two-center integrals (2.10) and (2.11) that require definite integration limits to cover the appropriate core and valence subspaces. Foitunately, these calculations are greatly aided by most efficient standard techniques. 

SI units should be used throughout the report. The symbols for SI units are not abbreviations and do not require definition in the report. These symbols are defined in the official SI brochure (3). 

The fundamental question of risk assessment for potential human carcinogens requires definition of substances that exceed an evidentiary threshold. Once the scientific evidence establishes a substantial basis for conclusion of known or potential human cancer, it is then in order to determine a procedure for risk quantification. Quantitative risk assessments must always be read with the qualitative evidence of the likelihood of carcinogenicity. 

Further discussion of magnetic behavior requires definition of some terms. The flux density or induction, B, in a material in a magnetic field is its response to the intensity of the magnetic field, H. The ratio of B to H is the permeability, fi ... 

Many of you have expressed an interest in a format for your master schedule. Figure 1 depicts the format Mobay Chemical Corp. uses. It is self explanatory and covers the items required in the GLP regulations (test substance test system nature of study study initiation date current status sponsor identity, if explicable and name of study director). For a contract laboratory, the sponsor s identity must appear on the master schedule sheet for each study listed. There are several terms that require definition. In... 

Discussion and application of Vd requires definition of compartment models. The simplest model is the one-compartment model. Additional compartments can be added as needed with a cost of increased complexity. In the artificial world of paper in a textbook, one can freely force data into any model. When dealing with real drugs and experimental data, one must carefully select the model that best represents the data. 

This group of elements contains a large volume of information on analytical laboratory method requirements and procedures. Therefore, the laboratory that will conduct the analysis should provide this information to the project team for the incorporation into the QAPP. For example, the selection of analytical laboratory methods and QC requirements definitely needs input from the analytical laboratory, particularly if low detection limits or non-routine analyses are concerned. Analytical instrument calibration and maintenance requirements should also be developed as a cooperative effort with the analytical laboratory or by the individuals who are well-versed in laboratory practices and procedures. 

The unified approached, which could be a proposal for a new version of IEC 61508 (with focus still on safety), requires analysis and evaluation as well as requirements definition and allocation with both, safety and security in mind. For details, how to handle the security issues, the security standards and the relevant chapters should be referenced (not to re-invent the wheel ). 

Crucible process. This process utilizes either wrought iron or open-hearth steel. The iron (or steel) is melted in graphite-clay crucibles in gas or electric furnaces, and pure carbon is introduced to bring the carbon content up to 0.8 to 1.5%. The steel thus produced is a uniform product of high quality and relatively high cost. It is used in making knives, razor blades, and tools requiring definite carbon content. 

Units of solute concentration also require definition for, as in the case of the terminology... 

Biochemists observe other kinds of enzyme inhibition. Noncompetitive inhibition consists of cases in which an inhibitor combines with either the E or the ES form of the enzyme. This requires definition of two new inhibitor constants ... 

Mathematical optimization deals with determining values for a set of unknown variables x, X2, , x , which best satisfy (optimize) some mathematical objective quantified by a scalar function of the unknown variables, F(xi, X2, , xn). The function F is termed the objective function bounds on the variables, along with mathematical dependencies between them, are termed constraints. Constraint-based analysis of metabolic systems requires definition of the constraints acting on biochemical variables (fluxes, concentrations, enzyme activities) and determining appropriate objective functions useful in determining the behavior of metabolic systems. 

Many processes require definite conditions of temperature, pressure, contact time, or other variables if the best results are to be obtained. It is often possible to make a partial separation of these optimum conditions from direct economic considerations. In cases of this type, the best design is designated as the optimum operation design. The chemical engineer should remember, however, that economic considerations ultimately determine most quantitative decisions. Thus, the optimum operation design is usually merely a tool or step in the development of an optimum economic design. 

The reaction of [Mn(salen)] with oxygen has been the subject of much study since the early claim that the product was [Mnm(salen)(OH)]419 The topic has been reviewed,424 but the nature of the product is still uncertain and the field badly requires definitive work, not least because the oxidation of Mn11 species is rapidly assuming great biological importance. Some results of oxygenation... 

Various factors require definition when using the LC-MS in a quantitative mode. These include stability testing of the analyte in the sample matrix, selectivity, sensitivity, or level of detection, the limit of quantitation, and recovery levels from the sample matrix. 

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