United States Congress

United States Congress, Public Eaw 101-549, MnMct toMmend the Clean Air Met to Provide for Attainment and Maintenance of Health Protective National Ambient Air Quality Standards, andfor Other Purposes, Nov. 15,1990. 

Nevertheless, the Clintons healthcare reform scheme had a deleterious effect on the hiring of new computational chemists. The job market for computational chemists in the United States fell from a then record high in 1990 to a depression in 1992-1994 [119]. This happened because pharmaceutical companies were afraid to expand until they were sure that the business climate was once again hospitable for growth. The healthcare reform proposal was defeated in the United States Congress, but it took a year or two before pharmaceutical companies started rebuilding their workforces. 

When a metallic material of construction (MOC) is selected to contain, transport, and/or to be exposed to a specific chemical, unless we make a correct, viable, and optimum MOC selection, the hfe expectancy of those facihties, in a given chemical exposure, can be very short. For the inexperienced in this field, the direct capital costs of the MOC facet of the production of chemicals, the funds spent to maintain these facilities (sometimes several times those initial capital costs), the indirect costs that are associated with outages and loss of production, off-quahty product (because of equipment and facility maintenance) as well as from contamination of the product, etc., are many times not even considered, let alone used as one of the major criteria in the selection of that MOC as well as its costs to keep the plant running, i.e., a much overlooked cost figure in the CPI. To emphasize the magnitude and overall economic nature of the direct and indirect (nonproductive) costs/losses that result from the action of corrosion of our metallic facihties, equipment, and the infrastructures, within the United States, Congress has mandated that a survey of the costs of corrosion in the United States be conducted periodically. 

The United States Congress passed the Standard Time Act of 1918 to establish standard time and preserve and set Daylight Saving Time across the continent. This act also devised five time zones throughout the United States Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, and Alaska. The (30) first time zone was set on the mean astronomical time of the seventy-... 

Recognizing that nuclear materials are widely available and the terrorists interests in radiological and nuclear devices, the United States Congress appropriated 300 million to the Department of Homeland Security to install radiation detectors at U.S. borders. Through 2005, DHS had installed 470 radiation portal monitors throughout the country including mail facilities and land and sea entries into the United States. The U.S. has also supported the installation of detectors at the borders of the states of the former Soviet Union through its Departments of State,... 

Chemical industries—Law and legislation— Economic aspects—United States—Congresses. 2. Hazardous substances—Law and legislation—Economic aspects—United States—Congresses. 

Chemists—Legal status, laws, etc.—United States— Congresses. 2. Engineers—Legal status, laws, etc.— United States—Congresses. 

In 1994, the United States Congress, influenced by growing "consumerism" as well as strong manufacturer lobbying efforts, passed the DSHEA. DSHEA required the establishment of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards for the supplement industry however, it was not until 2007 that the FDA issued a final rule on the proposed GMP standards. This... 

United States Congress, Senate Special Committee on Aging. Paid to Prescribe Exploring the Relationship between Doctors and the Drug Industry ... 

Chemical research—United States—Congresses. 2. Science and state—United States—Congresses. 

United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations International Children s Emergency Fund United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations Development Fund for Women United Nations Research Institute for Social Development United States Agency for International Development United States Congress... 

Kawada, K. Onodera, K. Umemoto, T., presented at the Japanese-United States Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Honolulu, December 4,1987. 

Unites States Congress passes Drug Importation Act that allows United States Customs Service inspection to stop entry of foreign drugs. 

United States Congress passes Pure Food and Drug Act. 

United States Congress enacts the Shirley Amendment that prohibits false therapeutic claims in advertising or labeling medicines. 

United States Congress passes the Gould Amendment requiring accurate and clear labeling of weights, measures, and numbers on food packages. 

United States Congress passes Kefauver-Harris Dmg Amendments that shift the burden of proof of clinical safety to drug manufacturers. For the first time, drug manufacturers had to prove their products were safe and effective before they could be sold. 

United States Congress passes Controlled Substance Act (CSA). CS A puts strict controls on the production, import, and prescription of amphetamines. Many amphetamine forms, particularly diet pills, are removed from the over-the-counter market. 

United States Congress passes the Proxmire Amendments to stop the FDA from regulating vitamin and mineral supplements as drugs based on their potency. This legislation also prohibited the FDA from regulating the potency of vitamin and mineral supplements. 

The United States Congress passes the Orphan Drug Act, which allowed the FDA to research and market drugs necessary for treating rare diseases. 

United States Congress passes Anti-Drug Abuse Act. This federal law includes mandatory minimum sentences for first-time offenders with harsher penalties for possession of crack cocaine than powder cocaine. 

United States Congress passes Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, which permitted manufacturers to make some health claims for foods, including dietary supplements. 

United States Congress passes the Domestic Chemical Diversion Control Act (DCDCA), aiming to stop the conversion of legal substances into illegal substances. 

United States Congress passes Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which expressly defines a dietary supplement as a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, or any other dietary substance. This law prohibits claims that herbs can treat diseases or disorders, but it allows more general health claims about the effect of herbs on the structure or function of the body or about the well-being they induce. Under this law, the FDA bears the burden of having to prove an herbal is unsafe before restricting its use. This law also establishes the Office of Dietary Supplements within the National Institutes of Health to promote and compile research on dietary supplements. 

United States Congress considers but does not pass the Pain Relief Promotion Act, which would have amended the Controlled Substances Act to say that relieving pain or discomfort—within the context of professional medicine—is a legitimate use of controlled substances. The bill died in the Senate. 

United States Congress Ecstasy Anti-Proliferation Act increases federal sentencing guidelines for trafficking and possessing with intent to sell ecstasy, or 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and drastically increases jail terms for fewer numbers of pills in personal possession. 

United States Congress passes transportation spending bill including establishment of a national standard for drunk driving for adults at a 0.08% blood alcohol level (BAL). States are required to adopt this stricter standard by 2004 or face penalties. By 2001, more than half the states adopt this stricter standard. 

Those dangerous and sometimes fatal side effects led the United States Congress to enact the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act in 1938. The act gave the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) powers to regulate substances marketed as drugs. 

The serious problem of soil erosion and loss was not totally unexpected. In 1928, a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) bulletin by Hugh Hammond Bennett and W.R. Chapline warned the nation of the danger of soil erosion (Brink, 1951). Also in 1928, the United States Congress appropriated the first funds for soil erosion research through the Buchanan Amendment to the USDA Appropriation Act (Looper, 1970). 

The disastrous events of the Dust Bowl led to the Soil Erosion Service Act of 1935. On April 27 of that year, the United States Congress declared soil erosion a national menace in an act directing the USDA to establish a Soil Conservation Service (Wehrwein, 1938). Also in 1935, the Soil Erosion Service was transferred from the United States Department of the Interior to the USDA with Hugh Hammond Bennett as its head (Morgan, 1965). This was soon followed by the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936. The State Soil Conservation Districts model law of 1937 was designed to customize soil conservation measures to reflect more local needs, placing more public focus on agricultural production methods. 

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