Production line

One production line of a paper mill consists according the size and the quality of the produced paper sometimes from more than 50 steam drums to dry and flatten the produced paper. These drums (cylinders with flat bottoms, see figure 1) will be used with a steam pressure up to 500 kPa (5 bar) and additionally with a rotation speed up 1200 m.min the material is mainly grey cast iron (with lamellar graphite). The diameters can reach up to 2.2 m and the cylindrical lengths up to 10 m. For the specific flattening drums the cyhndrical diameters can be up to 5 m and more. 

The older steam drums, which can sustain these additional effects better, have to be removed of their position in the production line because of the bearing and this would be expensive and time consuming. 

Products of the described type have very high quality requirements as the consumers are typically families with children or restaurants catering to same, where even the smallest bones are unacceptable. Previously, sample tests were conducted on selected blocks. The blocks were thawed and sieved. This was a very slow way of inspection where the production line had to wait for the raw material. 

A method that would enable detection and classification of the bone content in 100% of the incoming frozen fish blocks in real time without delaying the production line was desired. An obvious solution to this was the use of X-ray inspection. X-ray inspection however requires the integration of a highly sensitive inspection equipment with the corrosive atmosphere associated with food processing as well as the tough restrictions imposed by the health authorities regarding irradiation of food. 

A prototype system was manufactured to measure eccentricity values for such tubes in a production line. 

The amount of aspirin in the analgesic tablets from a particular manufacturer is known to follow a normal distribution, with p, = 250 mg and = 25. In a random sampling of tablets from the production line, what percentage are expected to contain between 243 and 262 mg of aspirin ... 

Validation Considerations. Mechanisms other then size exclusion maybe operative ia the removal of vimses from biological fluids. Thus vims removal must be vaUdated within the parameters set forth for the production process and usiag membrane material representative of the product line of the filter. 

Stabilizers, pigments, and other additives are milled in spinning solvent, normally along with small amounts of the urethane polymer to improve dispersion stabiUty this dispersion is then blended to the desired concentration with polymer solution after chain extension. Most producers combine prepolymerization, chain extension, and additive addition and blending into a single integrated continuous production line. 

Fig. 15. Production lines for stretched film tape (29) (a) continuous production line for film tape (b) discontinuous production lines for film and film tape.

The spinnerets in a production line assembly consist of multiple groupings of orifices thus the number of fibers from a single spinning ceU can vary. AU three spinning techniques mentioned above commonly employ spinning lines that carry as many as 250 fibers (sometimes referred to as a rope) drawn from a single multiorifice spinneret. 

In most spinning processes, the fiber emerging from the spinneret is drawn down to a desired dimension before complete solidification. In some production lines, a laser beam is uti1i2ed to monitor the dimensions of emerging thread any alteration is recorded and if required, the dope deHvery rate, take-up rate, and internal-injection medium deHvery rate are adjusted automaticaUy. 

Process monitoring, both in the laboratory and on the production line, is an important appHcation of infrared spectrometry (see Process control). 

Upon satisfactory deterrnination of nontoxicity of a lubricant, the USDA issues one of two ratings HI for use where there is incidental or possible food contact as by splashing or dripping from machinery above an edible product, or H2 for no food contact as in sealed gear boxes or machinery below a product line (82—84). These classes include a number of petroleum and synthetic oils and greases. 

Table 2 Hsts fluorescent product lines marketed by various manufacturers, where similarities are known. New products are introduced and old products obsoleted on a regular basis.

Flame-Retardant Filler. Demand has increased for Mg(OH)2 as a nonhalogenated, flame-retardant filler for thermoplastics used in the aerospace, microelectronics, and cable and wire manufacturing industries (90). Producers of nonhalogenated, flame retardant fillers include Kyowa, Aluisuisse-Lonza (Magnifin product line), Morton, and a Dead Sea Periclase/Dead Sea Bromine joint venture (91). 

Extrusion. In general, extmsion is the process of forcing a polymer melt through a die (104,105). Typical extmsion appHcations include initial resin pelletization after manufacture and production of film, sheet, pipe, tubing, and insulated wire. The HDPE extmsion temperature is around 150°C, the pressure 40—50 MPa (5800—7250 psi). An extmsion production line usually consists of an extmder (mono- or twin-screw) with a die at the end, a cooling and shaping device, a pulling device (a roUer), and a cutter. 

Cost to the Industry. When compared to the potential expense for defending a single claim of tampering, the cost of effective tamper-evident packaging becomes insignificant. Many firms simply caimot afford the cost of responding to product tampering claims, especially if the firm is a small one with a limited or totally related product line where the reputation of the entire product line can be affected by adverse pubHcity on one item. LiabiUty insurance caimot return lost customer confidence. 

Texaco sold its polyol product line and a tolling agreement to Arco in 1987. Formerly Miles (formerly Mobay). 

Proprietary blend formulations based on polysulfone, polyethersulfone, and polyphenylsulfone are sold commercially by Amoco Corporation to meet various end use requirements. The blends based on polysulfone are sold under the MINDEL trademark. A glass fiber-reinforced blend based on PES is offered under the trade name RADEL AG-360. This offers most of the performance characteristics of 30% glass fiber-reinforced polyethersulfone but at a lower cost. Two blend product lines are offered based on PPSF. These are designated as the RADEL R-4000 and R-7000 series of products. The former is a lower cost alternative to RADEL R PPSF homopolymer offering most of the performance attributes unique to PPSF. The R-7000 series of resins have been formulated for use in aircraft interiors for civil air transport. They exhibit a very high degree of resistance to flammabihty and smoke release. 

IV Sartomer Monomer/Oligomer Photoinitiator Product Line Literature, Sartomer Co., Exton, Pa., 1991 D. H. Solomon, The Chemistry of Film Fokwot, John Wdey Sons, Inc., New York, 1967. 

The FDA s approval and enforcement programs are adrninistered by five centers organized along product lines. Although ah five centers must fohow the general provisions of the Act, each center is governed by its own unique and distinctive set of laws and regulations. The five centers are as fohow. 

Many more suppHers and information about their product line can be obtained from compilations such as the Modem Plastics Pmyclopedia (1) and the Thomas Register of Mmerican Manufacturers (2). The choice of a release agent depends on the process conditions involved and the nature of the contacting substrates (3). Apart from the obvious ease of release, other important requirements are minimal buildup of residues on mold substrate, minimal effect on the molded article, adequate film-forming abiHty, compatibiHty with secondary operations and other processing parameters, health and safety requirements, and cost. 

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