Solubility product, values

In the tables we find i Ag+/Ag = 0.7996 V and 2 Agci/Ag = 0.2223 V. From the above it is clear that primarily the silver-silver chloride electrode functions as a pAg electrode, i.e., it measures oAg+ at an ionic strength above 0.01 (cf., extended Debye-Hiickel expressions) the calculation of [Ag+ ] becomes more difficult, and even more so for [Cl ], where the solubility product value is also involved. 

Calculate the amount of barium carrier that will remain in a 4-L sample, as described here. What percent barium is lost due to its solubility Design an experiment to check this result. See the introduction for the solubility product value. 

If the f) values obtained in Refs. [169, 170] may be attributed to the primary medium effect of O2-, they allow us to consider the above-mentioned melts as extremely aggressive acidic media, analogous to anhydrous sulfuric acid in comparison with water (H0 -log y0ff+ = -11.1) [174], In particular, such melts should dissolve appreciable quantities of solid oxides, e.g. MgO or NiO, up to concentrations of the order of 1 mol kg-1. For example, MgO is practically insoluble in the equimolar KCl-NaCl mixture (pP = 9.33 0.06) [175], but should be characterized by values of the order of pP 1 (since 9.33 — 8 1) in the KCl-LiCl eutectic that corresponds to the value of the solubility product of the order of 10 1. For the KCl-NaCl-CaCl2 melt, the solubility-product value should be close to 1. On the contrary, most metal oxides which are slightly soluble in the KCl-NaCl melt were shown by... 

The solubility-product values calculated on the basis of the stoichiometry of the following reaction ... 

All that is written above allows us to consider the solubility product value of PMeO = 5 X 10 6 to be the boundary between practically insoluble and slightly soluble oxides [175, 330]. In other words, if the addition of the metal... 

All the routines described for the determination of the thermodynamic (concentration) parameters in metal oxide solutions include some indirectly obtained values. For example, the equilibrium concentration of metal cations is calculated proceeding from the quantity of the oxide-ion donor consumed for titration (precipitation). Direct determination of the concentration of metal cations in the melt (if it is possible) allows one to obtain more correctly the obtained solubility product values. Our paper [332] reports a method for correction of the solubility product values for oxides on the basis of the potentiometric titration data. The modification of the standard routine consists of the simultaneous use of two indicator electrodes, one of which is the membrane oxygen electrode and the other is a metal electrode, reversible to the cations the oxide consists of. This routine was used to estimate the solubility products of copper(I) and nickel(II) oxides in the molten KCl-NaCl equimolar mixture at 700 °C. Investigation of Cu20 by the proposed method is of considerable importance since, as will be shown further, the process of dissociation/dissolution of copper(I) oxide in molten alkali-metal halides differs from the generally accepted one which was considered, e.g. in Ref. [119]. 

As mentioned in Section 3.7.1.2, there is a considerable scatter of solubility product values obtained in the molten KCl-NaCl eutectic using different methods of solubility determination. This disagreement in the solubility parameters may be explained by differences in the sizes of oxide particles whose solubility is to be determined. The difference in size causes the scatter of the solubility data according to the Ostwald-Freundlich equation and the employment of the isothermal saturation method, which implies the use of commercial powders (often pressed and sintered), leads to values which are considerably lower than those obtained by the potentiometric titration technique where the metal-oxides are formed in situ. Owing to this fact, the regularities connected with the effect of physico-chemical parameters of the oxides or the oxide cations should be derived only from solubility data obtained under the same or similar experimental conditions. However, this does not concern the dissociation constants of the oxides, since homogeneous acid-base equilibria are not sensitive to the properties of the solid phase of... 

The solubilities of metal-oxides (on the molar-fraction scale) in chloride melts possessing practically the same oxobasicity-index values are close. This shows the negligibly small effect of low-acidic constituent cations of the melt on its acidity and the solubility product values owing to the levelling of their acidity by that of the most acidic cation of the melt. The solubilities of the oxides in bromide and iodide-melts are considerably lower than those in chloride melts. This may be explained by the stronger association of bromide and iodide ionic melts, and by weakening of the stability of the complexes formed by the hard bases which most cations belong to, with the intermediate (Br ) and soft (I-) bases. 

This method is based on the reactions between a reagent and relevant mineral species and using solubility product values. In pC-pH diagrams, the abscissa is pH of the solution the ordinate is negative logarithm of the precipitation concentration of the metallic ions. 

Soluble products. Values for TCA-insoluble protein, peptides and carbohydrates released were estimated by summing the contribution to each pool from the breakdown of each cellular structure. 

Chickerur et al. [82CHI/SAB] reported solubility product values for Ni3(P04)2 8H20 of... 

Only one study [1993FEL/RAI] reports the solubility products of some of the double salts (ThF4-NaF-H20(cr), ThF4-NH4F(cr)). Since the solubility product is dependent on the aqueous phase model used for interpretations, it is necessary to reinterpret the literature data in order to obtain solubility product values that are consistent with the aqueous phase model recommended in this review. Discussed below are the solubility products of several different solid phases as reported in the literature and reinterpreted in this review. The equilibrium constants from [1959TAN/LU5] and [1962NIK/LUK] are not accepted by this review for reasons given in Appendix A. 

It is reasonable to assume that the solubility product values for these solid phases determined at 16°C and 30°C apply to 25°C because 1) the experimental temperatures (ranging from 16 to 30°C) differ only slightly from 25°C, 2) the equilibrium constants for the formation of ThSO and Th(S04)2(aq) reported at 10°C, 25°C, and 30°C differ insignificantly from each other, and 3) the solubility products calculated for Th(S04)2-9H20(cr) at 16°C and 25°C are essentially identical as listed in this table. 

The solubility product values for the Pb5(P04)3X may be as low as lO , effectively removing the Pb. Pyromorphite (Pb5(P04)3X) is highly stable, and Pb fixed there is only very poorly leachable or bioavailable (84). In addition to remediating Pb, the CMC-vivianite nanoparticles can also be used to immobilize Cu(II) in situ (83). Treatment of Cu-contaminated acidic, neutral, or calcareous soils with the CMC-vivianite nanoparticles resulted in 58%, 50%, and 78% reductions in the TCLP extraction results, demonstrating the value of this technology. 

In the simplest case of a binary electrolyte AgCl 1 mole of the salt at dissolution forms one mole of Ag+ and Cl". That is why the solubility of any poorly soluble binary electrolyte is equal to square root of its solubility product value ... 

Scattered data for several other aprotic amides exist. Pistoia and Scrosati have reported the solubilities for several alkali and alkaline earth metal halides and transition metal halides in JV,JV-dimethylacet-amide. The solubilities increase in the order Cl < Br < I. Alexander and co-workers have reported solubility product values for numerous silver salts in DMA. They have also reported values for silver salts, KBr and NaCl in hexamethylphosphorotriamide (HMPT). The solubilities of the silver halides in both these solvents follow the same trend as they do in water. Coleman has measured the solubilities and activity coefficients of sodium and potassium chlorides in several dialkylamides containing water. Distribution coefficients of the salt between water and amide have also been calculated. 

One of the first works devoted to oxide solubilities determination in this melt has been performed by Naumann and Reinhardt CaO, SrO and BaO solubilities have been detennined by isothermal saturation technique with isotopic control of the saturation in temperature range from melting point to 900 C. KCl-NaCl and individual molten chlorides, KCl and NaCl, have been used as solvents. Oxide solubilities have been stated to increase in the sequence CaOthermodynamic data for MeO and Me +O solutions have shown that the solubility values are between values calculated for solutions of completely dissoeiated and eompletely moleeular oxide. It means ftiat ftiese eonstituents were present simultaneously. 

The solubility of a salt is the maximum number of moles that can be dissolved in 1L of solution. It is closely related to the solubility-product value. Strictly speaking, the solubility 5 of, for example, silver chloride in water is... 

According to the solubility product values, Ba + precipitates first. When it is totally precipitated ([Ba +] = 10 mol/L), the following relation is satisfied ... 

Again, the solubility increases when the pH decreases. As indicated by the last two relations, the pH ranges in which the solution must be located in order to separate metallic ions from one another depend first and foremost on the corresponding solubility-product values. Table 34.3 mentions the solubility products of some oxinates. Hence, for example, the aluminum cation AP+ can be separated from beryllium... 

Concerning their very strong trend toward precipitation, both reactions given above are justified by the solubility-product values of the precipitates formed. The important question that arises is the following Does the formation of the colored thiocyana-toiron(III) complex close to the equivalence point distort the titration (for example,... 

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