Value-added productivity

As the nonwoven fabrics industry has matured and technology has become pubHcly available, emphasis in the various sectors of the industry has changed. In the 1990s, some portions of the nonwovens industry are technology driven, whereas others are market driven. A number of firms are proprietary technology based, and others are turn-key plant operations. Some corporations are commodity roU-goods producers, and others are more oriented to niche market, high value-added products. Many nonwoven produces continue the quest for new markets and more opportunities to compete with textiles, paper, and plastics. 

Alkylphenols undergo a variety of chemical transformations, involving the hydroxyl group or the aromatic nucleus that convert them to value-added products. 

Worldwide primary aluminum capacity. Table 14 (35), continues to grow but mosdy in countdes where there is low cost electric power. Primary capacity in the United States, Table 15, has been reduced from 5,019 thousand metric tons in 1982 to 3,902 thousand metric tons in 1988. The United States and other developed countries are expected to concentrate mote on converting taw aluminum into high value added products. 

Electrodialysis. Electro dialytic membrane process technology is used extensively in Japan to produce granulated—evaporated salt. Filtered seawater is concentrated by membrane electro dialysis and evaporated in multiple-effect evaporators. Seawater can be concentrated to a product brine concentration of 200 g/L at a power consumption of 150 kWh/1 of NaCl (8). Improvements in membrane technology have reduced the power consumption and energy costs so that a high value-added product such as table salt can be produced economically by electro dialysis. However, industrial-grade salt produced in this manner caimot compete economically with the large quantities of low cost solar salt imported into Japan from Austraha and Mexico. 

Koukios EG, Pastou A, Koullas DP, Sereti V, Kolosis F (1999) In Overend RP, Chor-net E (eds). Biomass a growth opportimity in green energy and value-added products. Pergamon, Oxford, p. 641... 

Demonstrates the potential for the use of UF for recycling process wastewater and recovery of value added products... 

Cost of the enzyme production in solid substrate was estimated to be US 180 for 10 million units of crude pectinase. This price included the production of fungal spore inoculum. This production of pectinases from Rhizopus sp. 26R using agricultural wastes as solid substrates was one of the way to utilize agricultural wastes to value-added products and the cost of the enzyme production was very reductive. 

Development of value-added products from glycerol can help the total economics of an oilseed biorefinery. Propylene glycol is one such product. This chapter will present the development of catalysts that can convert glycerol to propylene glycol in high yields. Our work has focused on a class of catalysts based on Re, which as a cometal imparts important character to the catalysts. 

PNNL has a long history studying hydrogenolysis as a means to form value-added products from sugar alcohols including glycerol. In this paper we will report on a subset of this work, focused on rhenium-based multi-metallic catalysts supported on carbon. 

The scope of this work was to determine a catalyst preparation that would demonstrate the best yield to value added products to verily and complete this portion of the overall flowsheet from com fiber. The scope did not include mechanistic studies, which will be completed at a later date if resources allow. 

Overview Batch processes are mostly suited to low volume high value added products that are usually characterised by common recipes, which render them amenable to sharing of equipment units. Due to their intrinsic adaptation to sudden changes in recipe, they are processes of choice in volatile or unstable conditions that have become regular in global markets. This chapter provides the background information on batch chemical processes, which constitutes the basis for the forthcoming chapters. Only the essential elements of batch plants are captured with references, where necessary, to further sources of information for the benefit of the reader. 

Further development in the area of alternate value-added products for improving economics included other oxygenated sulfur compounds [246,247], This invention included alkylated 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzenesulfinic acid and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzenesulfonic acid compounds and compositions which consist essentially of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzenesulfinic acid, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzenesulfonic acid and/or substituted derivatives. The compositions are useful as hydrotropes and are also of use as, or as starting materials for, surfactants, and as starting materials for the synthesis of other useful chemicals such as, polymers and resins, solvents, adhesives, and biocides. 

Another process for converting organic ring compounds was disclosed for producing value-adding products from fossil fuel, under anaerobic conditions [442], The process is employed at subsurface level, at a depth of at least 500 ft below ground surface. The... 

Pyrolysis is the decomposition of organic material due to the influence of heat. By performing controlled pyrolysis the woody biomass can be converted into high value added products, namely bio oil, formed in addition to char and gases. 

Scheme 1 Synthesis of value added products from triglycerides and glycerol...

Figure 2.3 Sugar-derived high-value-added products antibiotics, vitamins, and pharmaceuticals.

The petrochemical and chemical industries are the traditional industries for IR analyzers. The needs are extremely diverse and the versatility associated with process IR spectral measurements make the analyzers a good fit. Products manufactured by the petrochemical and chemical industries range from commodity materials (basic chemicals and raw materials) to fully formulated or compounded end-use products. Value-added products (formulated products) often require an advanced spectral analyzer, such as a process FTIR, whereas commodity chemicals are often served by a traditional IR photometer. 

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