High nitration

High nitrate clarity is required for polishing applications. 

Dissolved mineral salts The principal ions found in water are calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride and nitrate. A few parts per million of iron or manganese may sometimes be present and there may be traces of potassium salts, whose behaviour is very similar to that of sodium salts. From the corrosion point of view the small quantities of other acid radicals present, e.g. nitrite, phosphate, iodide, bromide and fluoride, have little significance. Larger concentrations of some of these ions, notably nitrite and phosphate, may act as corrosion inhibitors, but the small quantities present in natural waters will have little effect. Some of the minor constituents have other beneficial or harmful effects, e.g. there is an optimum concentration of fluoride for control of dental caries and very low iodide or high nitrate concentrations are objectionable on medical grounds. 

Dinitronaphthalene ( Gamma-dinitronaph-thalene, 1,3-DNN), Bright yel needles from aq pyridine, mp 144°, bp subl (Refs 1 32) CA Registry No 606-37-1. It is prepd by the action of nitric ac/sulfuric ac on naphthalene at low temps (Refs 14 33) by the nitration of 1-MNN with a mixt of 17.3% nitric ac, 61.2% sulfuric ac, and 21.5% w, temp 59-75°, time 90min (Ref 52) by the action of powd Cu (Ref 18) or hydrazine (Ref 22) on l-chioro-2,4-dinitro-naphthalene by the diazotization of 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthylamine followed by redn of the dia-zonium salt with EtOH (Ref 25) or by the action of Br on 5,7-dinitro-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene followed by dehydrobromination (Ref 13). It is used to prep more highly nitrated naphthalenes... 

Nitrol. Early Brit plastic safety expl, patented by O. Silberrad in 1912 (Ref 2). A typical formulation is Nitrol 10, highly. nitrated benzene hydrocarbons 20, collodion cotton 0.5, and AN 69.5%. Under the same name, O. Silberrad took... 

In Russia, Mendeleyev (Ref 12) worked out a method for the manufacture of smokeless powder from pyrocellulose, i.e. relatively high-nitrated (12.5% N) nitrocellulose soluble in a mixture of ether and alcohol. In 1892 the manu-... 

Over 20% of the world s open ocean surface waters are replete in light and major nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate), yet chlorophyll and productivity values remain low. These so-called "high-nitrate low-chlorophyll" or HNLC regimes (Chisholm and Morel, 1991) include the sub-arctic North Pacific (Martin and Fitzwater, 1988 Martin et al, 1989 Miller et al, 1991), the equatorial Pacific (Murray et al, 1994 Fitzwater et al, 1996) and the southern Ocean (Martin et al.,... 

The adverse properties of red beet preparations are without doubt, their high nitrate content, their unpleasant smell due to pyrazine derivatives and geosmin with a low odor threshold, and finally the risk of carry-over of earth-bound germs. - " Since nitrate has been associated with nitrite and nitrosamine formation, the latter exhibiting cancer-inducing properties, procedures have been developed to reduce the nitrate content of red beet preparations. This has been achieved by microbial denitrification. - ... 

The above relationship shows that a high distribution ratio can be achieved by maintaining a high nitrate ion and TBP concentrations. The process based on TBP is outlined in Figure 5.33. 

Nitrocellulose is usually handled wet and containing approximately 30% of water. Under these conditions it can be considered as a nonexplosive material when the nitrogen content does not exceed 12-6%. More highly nitrated cellulose is known as guncotton and is explosive even when moderately wet. When dry, nitrocellulose of all types is an extremely sensitive and dangerous explosive. Dry nitrocellulose is required for use in certain types of explosives and is then prepared by slow drying of the wet material in a current of warm air. 

The sodium salts of 1,3,5,7-tetranitrocubane and 1,2,3,5,7-pentanitrocubane can be nitrated successfully with N204 in THF at low temperature. These reactions proceed by N204 oxidation of the anion to the radical and its combination with N02 (Eq. 2.23) 43 Such highly nitrated cubanes are predicted to be shock-insensitive, very dense, high-energy compounds with great potential as explosives and propellants. 

Treatment of municipal water with chlorine and ammonia results in the formation of chloramines, a long-lasting disinfectant. Too much ammonia, however, enhances nitrification by bacteria in the water, which, in turn, increases the nitrate and nitrite levels. High nitrate and nitrite levels in drinking water is a health hazard, particularly for infants. 

As already mentioned in section 2.1 pertechnetate may be efficiently extracted by pyridine from alkaline solutions Since pyridine derivates are less soluble in the aqueous phase than pyridine, they extract technetium more efficiently even from nitrate solutions. For example, the distribution coefficients of technetium in the extraction from a 2 M (NH )2COj solution with a high nitrate concentration by pyridine and 2-methylpyridine are 7.5 and 242, respectively . Higher distribution coefficients can be achieved by using 3-methyl- or 4-methyl-pyridines. The pyridine derivates are the most promising reagents for the extraction of technetium from nitrate solutions. 

The real potential of peroxydisulfuric acid for the synthesis of highly nitrated arylenes was brought to light by research conducted at the Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Some of the highly nitrated polynitroarylenes syn-... 

The harsh conditions needed to introduce five or more nitro groups into diphenyl ether lead to the destruction of the aromatic ring. Highly nitrated derivatives of diphenyl ether can be prepared by an indirect route 2,2, 4,4, 6-pentanitrodiphenyl ether (92) is the product from the controlled nitration of (91), which is obtained from the reaction of picryl chloride (87) with sodium o-nitrophenolate. ... 

Highly nitrated derivatives of benzene readily react with water to form phenols. 1,2,3,5-Tetranitrobenzene (54) is readily converted to picric acid on reaction with hot water. This type of reaction has practical concerns if such an explosive is used in a military context -picric acid forms dangerous picrates if allowed to come into contact with a metal surface i.e. the inside of a munition s shell. Other explosives like 2,3,4,6-tetranitrophenol (121) and... 

The displacement of alkoxy groups from polynitroarylenes has been used for the indirect synthesis of some highly nitrated polynitroarylenes. Holleman synthesized 2,3,4,6-tetranitrotoluene (57) by treating 3-methoxy-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (132) with ammonia in methanol, followed by oxidation of the resulting product (56) with peroxymonosulfuric acid. 

Chemists at the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC), China Lake, have conducted much research into the nitration of various substituted anilines as an indirect route to highly nitrated arylene hydrocarbons (Section 4.5). On numerous occasions these chemists found that diazophenols are formed as by-products and sometimes as the main or only product of a reaction. During these studies the diazophenols (65) and (78-81) ° were isolated and characterized. These diazophenols were screened for use as explosive components of both percussion and stab-sensitive primary explosive compositions. ... 

Kjeldahl digestion of fresh material (with addition of a strong reducing agent if high nitrate is expected). Alkaline steam distillation with final measurement by titration. 

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