Candida utilis

Candida shehatae Candida tropicalis Candida utilis... 

Table 5 presents typical operating conditions and cell production values for commercial-scale yeast-based SCP processes including (63) Saccharomjces cerevisae ie, primary yeast from molasses Candida utilis ie, Torula yeast, from papermiU. wastes, glucose, or sucrose and Klujveromjces marxianus var fragilis ie, fragihs yeast, from cheese whey or cheese whey permeate. AH of these products have been cleared for food use in the United States by the Food and Dmg Administration (77). 

Most of the bacteria, yeasts, molds, and higher fungi of interest for SCP production are deficient in methionine and must be supplemented with this amino acid to be suitable for animal feeding or human food appHcations. Also, lysine—arginine ratios should be adjusted in poultry rations in which yeast SCP is used (62). Human feeding studies have shown that only limited quantities of yeast such as Candida utilis can be added to food products without adverse effects on flavor (63). 

In all fermented foods, microbes contribute as preservatives, ie, by lowering the pH and producing ethanol, or by making the food more palatable. The dehberate use of yeasts as food in themselves is less common. Small beer, the sediment from beer, has been traditionally used as a vitamin supplement for infants. Beginning in 1910, dried, spent brewers yeast was developed as a food, and Candida utilis was used as a food supplement in Germany during World War II. 

Candida utilis is grown on sulfite waste Hquor in Western Europe and North America, on sugar cane molasses in Cuba and Taiwan and on ceUulose acid hydrolysates in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. C. ///i/if utilizes hexoses, pentoses, and many organic acids. Sulfite Hquor from hardwoods contains 2—3% fermentable sugars of which 20% are hexoses and 80% pentoses in softwood Hquors the proportions are reversed. The SO2 must be stripped out to allow yeast growth, which is carried out in large, highly-aerated fermentors. Eor continuous fermentations, carried out at pH 4 and 30°C, the dilution rate is 0.27—0.30 (34). 

Ethanol can be produced relatively cheaply as a bulk petrochemical by the hydration to ethylene. A few processes operate in the USA using ethanol to produce food-grade Candida utilis, with capacity of about 7,000 tonnes per year. The technology is similar to that already described for SCP from sugars. On ethanol, the yield is about 0.7 kg dry wt per kg ethanol used. 

Tilbury, R. N., and Quickenden, T. I. (1992). Luminescence from the yeast Candida utilis and comparisons across three genera. J. Biolumin. Chemi-lumin. 7 245-255. 

Microbial protein (SCP) Candida utilis Pseudomonas methylotroph Food supplements... 

Escherichia coli CH177O049N024 Saccharomyces cerevisiae CHL64O0 52Nai6 Candida utilis CH1i83Ooi54Noi1o... 

Xylose Ribose 0 Candida utilis Candida utilis Saccharomyces cerevisiae Polyacrylamid Polyacrylamid Xylit Ribit HO 5 5 ft... 

Calcium hyaluronate, 376-377 Calcium pectate, 353 Calcium welan, structure, 432-434 Candida utilis, thiamine synthesis,... 

An enzymatic process using partially purified pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) with added pyruvate overcomes the problems of benzyl alcohol formation and limiting availability of pyruvate [3]. As a result increased concentrations, yields and productivities of PAC were achieved with concentrations of PAC in excess of 50 g f (330 mM) in 28 h and yields on benzaldehyde above 95% theoretical [4-6]. Screening of a wide range of bacteria, yeasts and other fungi as potential sources of stable, high activity PDC for production of PAC confirmed a strain of the yeast Candida utilis as the most suitable source of PDC [7]. 

Adams, J.P, Von Elbe, J.H., and Amundson, C.H., Production of a betacyanine concentrate by fermentation of red beet juice with Candida utilis, J. Food ScL, 41, 78, 1976. 

Recovery of intracellular proteins from Candida utilis [14,85]... 

Candesartan, molecular formula and structure, 5 152t Candida, 26 446 Candida albicans, 26 475 Candida antarctica lipase B, 70 307 Candida glabrata, genome of, 26 450t Candida utilis, 26 473 Candle filters, 77 362—363 Cando-luminescence, cerium application in, 5 689... 

The first example of a dynamic flux analysis was a study performed in the 1960s [269]. In the yeast Candida utilis, the authors determined metabolic fluxes via the amino acid synthesis network by applying a pulse with 15N-labeled ammonia and chasing the label with unlabeled ammonia. Differential equations were then used to calculate the isotope abundance of intermediates in these pathways, with unknown rate values fitted to experimental data. In this way, the authors could show that only glutamic acid and glutamine-amide receive their nitrogen atoms directly from ammonia, to then pass it on to the other amino acids. 

H. J. Engel, W. Domschke, M. Alberti, and G. F. Domagk, Protein structure and enzymatic activity II. Purification and properties of a crystalline glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Candida utilis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 191, 509-522 (1969). 

Adenine aminohydrolase has been found in micro-organisms, but not in mammalian cells, and the substrate specificities of the enzymes from Azotobacter vinelandii and Candida utilis were found to be similar [55, 56], Among other purines, 2-aminoadenine, A -aminoadenine, and 6-chloropurine were found to be substrates [55]. ... 

Kondo, K., Miura, Y., Sone, H., Kobayashi, K., and lijima, H (1997). High-level expression of a sweet protein, moneUin, in the food yeast Candida utilis. Nature Biotechnol. 15,453. 

The dynamic behavior of the cell metabolism initiated by different external effects (addition of substrates or inhibiting reagents) can be followed via this instantaneous method. These effects can be used to control the overall process and optimize the bioprocess. Meyer and Beyeler [50] developed a control system for a continuous yeast cultivation process. Here the increase up to the optimal dilution rate was controlled via fluorescence monitoring. The dilution rate was only increased when no negative effect on the metabolic state of the cells was observed. During the cultivation of Candida utilis the fluorescence signal was used for the addition of substrate ethanol. The addition was started when... 

A fructosyl ester of guanosine 5 -pyrophosphate has been reported to occur in Eremothecium ashbyi70 and Candida utilis 87 its structure remains undetermined. 

Antimicrobial activities of garlic and onion oil appeared to be determined by the concentrations of individual constituent sulfides. Sulfides with a single sulfur atom were not active, and sulfides with three or four sulfur atoms were highly inhibitory against the growth of Candida utilis and Staphylococcus aureus [109, 110]. 

Candida utilis is grown to high biomass concentrations and the extracted RNA is subsequently hydrolysed into the four 5 nucleotides adenosine 5 -monophosphate (AMP), GMP, cytidine and uridine 5 -monophosphate by crude nuclease PI from Penicillium the desired nucleotides are isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and AMP is converted to IMP by adenyl deaminase from Aspergillus [22, 36]. 

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